3x-ui/internal/web/service/server.go

package service

import (
	"archive/zip"
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"cmp"
	"context"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"encoding/pem"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math"
	"mime/multipart"
	stdnet "net"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"runtime"
	"slices"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/amneziawg"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/amneziawgnet"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/config"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/database"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/database/model"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/logger"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/util/common"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/util/sys"
	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/xray"

	"github.com/google/uuid"
	utls "github.com/refraction-networking/utls"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/cpu"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/disk"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/host"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/load"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/mem"
	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/net"
)

// ProcessState represents the current state of a system process.
type ProcessState string

// Process state constants
const (
	Running ProcessState = "running" // Process is running normally
	Stop    ProcessState = "stop"    // Process is stopped
	Error   ProcessState = "error"   // Process is in error state
)

// Status represents comprehensive system and application status information.
// It includes CPU, memory, disk, network statistics, and Xray process status.
type Status struct {
	T           time.Time `json:"-"`
	Cpu         float64   `json:"cpu"`
	CpuCores    int       `json:"cpuCores"`
	LogicalPro  int       `json:"logicalPro"`
	CpuSpeedMhz float64   `json:"cpuSpeedMhz"`
	Mem         struct {
		Current uint64 `json:"current"`
		Total   uint64 `json:"total"`
	} `json:"mem"`
	Swap struct {
		Current uint64 `json:"current"`
		Total   uint64 `json:"total"`
	} `json:"swap"`
	Disk struct {
		Current uint64 `json:"current"`
		Total   uint64 `json:"total"`
	} `json:"disk"`
	DiskIO struct {
		Read  uint64 `json:"read"`
		Write uint64 `json:"write"`
	} `json:"diskIO"`
	DiskTraffic struct {
		Read  uint64 `json:"read"`
		Write uint64 `json:"write"`
	} `json:"diskTraffic"`
	Xray struct {
		State    ProcessState `json:"state"`
		ErrorMsg string       `json:"errorMsg"`
		Version  string       `json:"version"`
	} `json:"xray"`
	// AmneziaWG gates the overview's AmneziaWG log view: Configured stays true
	// while an inbound exists but its embedded interface isn't up yet, which
	// is exactly when that view's event lines are worth reading.
	AmneziaWG struct {
		Configured bool `json:"configured"`
		Running    bool `json:"running"`
	} `json:"amneziawg"`
	PanelVersion string    `json:"panelVersion"`
	PanelGuid    string    `json:"panelGuid"`
	Uptime       uint64    `json:"uptime"`
	Loads        []float64 `json:"loads"`
	TcpCount     int       `json:"tcpCount"`
	UdpCount     int       `json:"udpCount"`
	NetIO        struct {
		Up      uint64 `json:"up"`
		Down    uint64 `json:"down"`
		PktUp   uint64 `json:"pktUp"`
		PktDown uint64 `json:"pktDown"`
	} `json:"netIO"`
	NetTraffic struct {
		Sent    uint64 `json:"sent"`
		Recv    uint64 `json:"recv"`
		PktSent uint64 `json:"pktSent"`
		PktRecv uint64 `json:"pktRecv"`
	} `json:"netTraffic"`
	PublicIP struct {
		IPv4 string `json:"ipv4"`
		IPv6 string `json:"ipv6"`
	} `json:"publicIP"`
	AppStats struct {
		Threads uint32 `json:"threads"`
		Mem     uint64 `json:"mem"`
		Uptime  uint64 `json:"uptime"`
	} `json:"appStats"`
}

// Release represents information about a software release from GitHub.
type Release struct {
	TagName         string `json:"tag_name"`         // The tag name of the release
	Body            string `json:"body"`             // The release notes; the dev channel reads its commit from here
	TargetCommitish string `json:"target_commitish"` // The branch/commit the tag points at
	Prerelease      bool   `json:"prerelease"`       // Whether this is a pre-release
}

// ServerService provides business logic for server monitoring and management.
// It handles system status collection, IP detection, and application statistics.
type ServerService struct {
	xrayService        XrayService
	inboundService     InboundService
	settingService     SettingService
	cachedIPv4         string
	cachedIPv6         string
	noIPv6             bool
	mu                 sync.Mutex
	lastCPUTimes       cpu.TimesStat
	hasLastCPUSample   bool
	hasNativeCPUSample bool
	emaCPU             float64
	cachedCpuSpeedMhz  float64
	lastCpuInfoAttempt time.Time

	lastStatusMu sync.RWMutex
	lastStatus   *Status

	versionsCacheMu sync.Mutex
	versionsCache   *cachedXrayVersions

	fail2banMu        sync.Mutex
	fail2banInstalled bool
	fail2banCheckedAt time.Time
}

type cachedXrayVersions struct {
	versions  []string
	fetchedAt time.Time
}

// xrayVersionsCacheTTL bounds how often /getXrayVersion hits GitHub. The list
// is purely informational (rendered in the "switch Xray version" picker) so a
// quarter-hour staleness window is fine and saves the API budget.
const xrayVersionsCacheTTL = 15 * time.Minute

// allowedHistoryBuckets is the bucket-second whitelist for time-series
// aggregation endpoints (server + node metrics). Restricting it prevents
// callers from triggering arbitrary aggregation work and keeps the
// frontend's bucket selector self-documenting.
var allowedHistoryBuckets = map[int]bool{
	2:     true, // 2m
	30:    true, // 30m
	60:    true, // 1h
	180:   true, // 3h
	360:   true, // 6h
	720:   true, // 12h
	1440:  true, // 24h
	2880:  true, // 2d
	10080: true, // 7d
}

// IsAllowedHistoryBucket reports whether a bucket-seconds value is in the
// whitelist used by /server/history, /server/cpuHistory, /server/xrayMetricsHistory,
// /server/xrayObservatoryHistory, and /nodes/history.
func IsAllowedHistoryBucket(bucketSeconds int) bool {
	return allowedHistoryBuckets[bucketSeconds]
}

// LastStatus returns the most recent Status snapshot collected by
// RefreshStatus. Safe for concurrent readers.
func (s *ServerService) LastStatus() *Status {
	s.lastStatusMu.RLock()
	defer s.lastStatusMu.RUnlock()
	return s.lastStatus
}

// Fail2banStatus tells the frontend whether the per-client IP limit can
// actually be enforced. Enforcement depends on fail2ban, so a limit set
// without it would silently do nothing.
type Fail2banStatus struct {
	Enabled   bool `json:"enabled"`
	Installed bool `json:"installed"`
	Usable    bool `json:"usable"`
	Windows   bool `json:"windows"`
}

const fail2banInstalledCacheTTL = 30 * time.Second

func (s *ServerService) GetFail2banStatus() Fail2banStatus {
	enabled := isFail2banEnabled()

	installed := false
	if enabled {
		installed = s.isFail2banInstalled()
	}

	return Fail2banStatus{
		Enabled:   enabled,
		Installed: installed,
		Usable:    enabled && installed,
		Windows:   runtime.GOOS == "windows",
	}
}

func isFail2banEnabled() bool {
	value, ok := os.LookupEnv("XUI_ENABLE_FAIL2BAN")
	return !ok || value == "true"
}

func (s *ServerService) isFail2banInstalled() bool {
	s.fail2banMu.Lock()
	defer s.fail2banMu.Unlock()

	if !s.fail2banCheckedAt.IsZero() && time.Since(s.fail2banCheckedAt) < fail2banInstalledCacheTTL {
		return s.fail2banInstalled
	}

	err := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), "fail2ban-client", "-h").Run()
	s.fail2banInstalled = err == nil
	s.fail2banCheckedAt = time.Now()
	return s.fail2banInstalled
}

// RefreshStatus collects a new system snapshot, stores it as LastStatus, and
// appends it to the system-metrics time series. Returns the new snapshot (may
// be nil if collection failed). Called by the background ticker; the caller is
// responsible for any side effects (websocket broadcast, xray metrics sample).
func (s *ServerService) RefreshStatus() *Status {
	next := s.GetStatus(s.LastStatus())
	if next == nil {
		return nil
	}
	s.lastStatusMu.Lock()
	s.lastStatus = next
	s.lastStatusMu.Unlock()
	s.AppendStatusSample(time.Now(), next)
	return next
}

// GetXrayVersionsCached wraps GetXrayVersions with a TTL cache. On fetch
// failure we serve the last successful list (if any) so the UI doesn't go
// blank during a GitHub API hiccup; if there's no cache at all the underlying
// error is surfaced.
func (s *ServerService) GetXrayVersionsCached() ([]string, error) {
	s.versionsCacheMu.Lock()
	cache := s.versionsCache
	s.versionsCacheMu.Unlock()
	if cache != nil && time.Since(cache.fetchedAt) <= xrayVersionsCacheTTL {
		return cache.versions, nil
	}
	versions, err := s.GetXrayVersions()
	if err != nil {
		if cache != nil {
			logger.Warning("GetXrayVersionsCached: serving stale list:", err)
			return cache.versions, nil
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	s.versionsCacheMu.Lock()
	s.versionsCache = &cachedXrayVersions{versions: versions, fetchedAt: time.Now()}
	s.versionsCacheMu.Unlock()
	return versions, nil
}

// GetDefaultLogOutboundTags scans the default Xray config for freedom and
// blackhole outbound tags so /getXrayLogs can colour-code log lines without
// the controller re-doing the JSON walk. Falls back to the historical
// "direct"/"blocked" defaults when the config can't be read.
func (s *ServerService) GetDefaultLogOutboundTags() (freedoms, blackholes []string) {
	config, err := s.settingService.GetDefaultXrayConfig()
	if err == nil && config != nil {
		if cfgMap, ok := config.(map[string]any); ok {
			if outbounds, ok := cfgMap["outbounds"].([]any); ok {
				for _, outbound := range outbounds {
					obMap, ok := outbound.(map[string]any)
					if !ok {
						continue
					}
					tag, _ := obMap["tag"].(string)
					if tag == "" {
						continue
					}
					switch obMap["protocol"] {
					case "freedom":
						freedoms = append(freedoms, tag)
					case "blackhole":
						blackholes = append(blackholes, tag)
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if len(freedoms) == 0 {
		freedoms = []string{"direct"}
	}
	if len(blackholes) == 0 {
		blackholes = []string{"blocked"}
	}
	return freedoms, blackholes
}

// AggregateCpuHistory returns up to maxPoints averaged buckets of size bucketSeconds.
// Kept for back-compat with the original /panel/api/server/cpuHistory/:bucket route;
// the response key is "cpu" (not "v") so legacy consumers parse unchanged.
func (s *ServerService) AggregateCpuHistory(bucketSeconds int, maxPoints int) []map[string]any {
	out := systemMetrics.aggregate("cpu", bucketSeconds, maxPoints)
	for _, p := range out {
		p["cpu"] = p["v"]
		delete(p, "v")
	}
	return out
}

// AggregateSystemMetric returns up to maxPoints averaged buckets for any
// known system metric (see SystemMetricKeys). Output points have keys
// {"t": unixSec, "v": value}; the caller decides how to format the value.
func (s *ServerService) AggregateSystemMetric(metric string, bucketSeconds int, maxPoints int) []map[string]any {
	return systemMetrics.aggregate(metric, bucketSeconds, maxPoints)
}

type LogEntry struct {
	DateTime    time.Time `json:"DateTime" example:"2025-01-01T12:00:00Z"`
	FromAddress string    `json:"FromAddress" example:"192.0.2.10:54321"`
	ToAddress   string    `json:"ToAddress" example:"example.com:443"`
	Inbound     string    `json:"Inbound" example:"inbound-443"`
	Outbound    string    `json:"Outbound" example:"direct"`
	Email       string    `json:"Email" example:"[email protected]"`
	Event       int       `json:"Event" example:"0"`
}

type NewUUIDResponse struct {
	UUID string `json:"uuid" example:"550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"`
}

type MLDSA65Response struct {
	Seed   string `json:"seed" example:"mldsa65-seed"`
	Verify string `json:"verify" example:"mldsa65-verify"`
}

type MLKEM768Response struct {
	Seed   string `json:"seed" example:"mlkem768-seed"`
	Client string `json:"client" example:"mlkem768-client"`
}

func getPublicIP(url string) string {
	client := &http.Client{
		Timeout: 3 * time.Second,
	}

	req, reqErr := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.Background(), http.MethodGet, url, nil)
	if reqErr != nil {
		return "N/A"
	}
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return "N/A"
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

	// Don't retry if access is blocked or region-restricted
	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden || resp.StatusCode == http.StatusUnavailableForLegalReasons {
		return "N/A"
	}
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return "N/A"
	}

	ip, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		return "N/A"
	}

	ipString := strings.TrimSpace(string(ip))
	if ipString == "" {
		return "N/A"
	}

	return ipString
}

var publicIPv4Services = []string{
	"https://api4.ipify.org",
	"https://ipv4.icanhazip.com",
	"https://v4.api.ipinfo.io/ip",
	"https://ipv4.myexternalip.com/raw",
	"https://4.ident.me",
	"https://check-host.net/ip",
}

var publicIPv6Services = []string{
	"https://api6.ipify.org",
	"https://ipv6.icanhazip.com",
	"https://v6.api.ipinfo.io/ip",
	"https://ipv6.myexternalip.com/raw",
	"https://6.ident.me",
}

// resolvePublicIPs caches the public IPv4/IPv6 addresses on first use. Guarded
// by s.mu because the bot's ServerService may call it from sendBackup while a
// status report runs concurrently.
func (s *ServerService) resolvePublicIPs() {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()

	if s.cachedIPv4 == "" {
		for _, ip4Service := range publicIPv4Services {
			s.cachedIPv4 = getPublicIP(ip4Service)
			if s.cachedIPv4 != "N/A" {
				break
			}
		}
	}

	if s.cachedIPv6 == "" && !s.noIPv6 {
		for _, ip6Service := range publicIPv6Services {
			s.cachedIPv6 = getPublicIP(ip6Service)
			if s.cachedIPv6 != "N/A" {
				break
			}
		}
	}

	if s.cachedIPv6 == "N/A" {
		s.noIPv6 = true
	}
}

func (s *ServerService) GetStatus(lastStatus *Status) *Status {
	now := time.Now()
	status := &Status{
		T: now,
	}

	// CPU stats
	util, err := s.sampleCPUUtilization()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get cpu percent failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Cpu = util
	}

	status.CpuCores, err = cpu.Counts(false)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get cpu cores count failed:", err)
	}

	status.LogicalPro = runtime.NumCPU()

	if status.CpuSpeedMhz = s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz; s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz == 0 && time.Since(s.lastCpuInfoAttempt) > 5*time.Minute {
		s.lastCpuInfoAttempt = time.Now()
		done := make(chan struct{})
		go func() {
			defer close(done)
			cpuInfos, err := cpu.Info()
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warning("get cpu info failed:", err)
				return
			}
			if len(cpuInfos) > 0 {
				s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz = cpuInfos[0].Mhz
				status.CpuSpeedMhz = s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz
			} else {
				logger.Warning("could not find cpu info")
			}
		}()
		select {
		case <-done:
		case <-time.After(1500 * time.Millisecond):
			logger.Warning("cpu info query timed out; will retry later")
		}
	} else if s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz != 0 {
		status.CpuSpeedMhz = s.cachedCpuSpeedMhz
	}

	// Uptime
	upTime, err := host.Uptime()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get uptime failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Uptime = upTime
	}

	// Memory stats
	memInfo, err := mem.VirtualMemory()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get virtual memory failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Mem.Current = memInfo.Used
		status.Mem.Total = memInfo.Total
	}

	swapInfo, err := mem.SwapMemory()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get swap memory failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Swap.Current = swapInfo.Used
		status.Swap.Total = swapInfo.Total
	}

	// Disk stats
	diskInfo, err := disk.Usage("/")
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get disk usage failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Disk.Current = diskInfo.Used
		status.Disk.Total = diskInfo.Total
	}

	diskIOStats, err := disk.IOCounters()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get disk io counters failed:", err)
	} else {
		var totalRead, totalWrite uint64
		for _, counter := range diskIOStats {
			totalRead += counter.ReadBytes
			totalWrite += counter.WriteBytes
		}
		status.DiskTraffic.Read = totalRead
		status.DiskTraffic.Write = totalWrite

		if lastStatus != nil {
			duration := now.Sub(lastStatus.T)
			seconds := float64(duration) / float64(time.Second)
			if seconds > 0 && status.DiskTraffic.Read >= lastStatus.DiskTraffic.Read {
				status.DiskIO.Read = uint64(float64(status.DiskTraffic.Read-lastStatus.DiskTraffic.Read) / seconds)
			}
			if seconds > 0 && status.DiskTraffic.Write >= lastStatus.DiskTraffic.Write {
				status.DiskIO.Write = uint64(float64(status.DiskTraffic.Write-lastStatus.DiskTraffic.Write) / seconds)
			}
		}
	}

	// Load averages
	avgState, err := load.Avg()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get load avg failed:", err)
	} else {
		status.Loads = []float64{avgState.Load1, avgState.Load5, avgState.Load15}
	}

	// Network stats
	ioStats, err := net.IOCounters(true)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get io counters failed:", err)
	} else {
		var totalSent, totalRecv, totalPktSent, totalPktRecv uint64
		for _, iface := range ioStats {
			name := strings.ToLower(iface.Name)
			if isVirtualInterface(name) {
				continue
			}
			totalSent += iface.BytesSent
			totalRecv += iface.BytesRecv
			totalPktSent += iface.PacketsSent
			totalPktRecv += iface.PacketsRecv
		}
		status.NetTraffic.Sent = totalSent
		status.NetTraffic.Recv = totalRecv
		status.NetTraffic.PktSent = totalPktSent
		status.NetTraffic.PktRecv = totalPktRecv

		if lastStatus != nil {
			duration := now.Sub(lastStatus.T)
			seconds := float64(duration) / float64(time.Second)
			up := uint64(float64(status.NetTraffic.Sent-lastStatus.NetTraffic.Sent) / seconds)
			down := uint64(float64(status.NetTraffic.Recv-lastStatus.NetTraffic.Recv) / seconds)
			status.NetIO.Up = up
			status.NetIO.Down = down
			if seconds > 0 && status.NetTraffic.PktSent >= lastStatus.NetTraffic.PktSent {
				status.NetIO.PktUp = uint64(float64(status.NetTraffic.PktSent-lastStatus.NetTraffic.PktSent) / seconds)
			}
			if seconds > 0 && status.NetTraffic.PktRecv >= lastStatus.NetTraffic.PktRecv {
				status.NetIO.PktDown = uint64(float64(status.NetTraffic.PktRecv-lastStatus.NetTraffic.PktRecv) / seconds)
			}
		}
	}

	// TCP/UDP connections
	status.TcpCount, err = sys.GetTCPCount()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get tcp connections failed:", err)
	}

	status.UdpCount, err = sys.GetUDPCount()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Warning("get udp connections failed:", err)
	}

	s.resolvePublicIPs()
	status.PublicIP.IPv4 = s.cachedIPv4
	status.PublicIP.IPv6 = s.cachedIPv6

	// Xray status
	if s.xrayService.IsXrayRunning() {
		status.Xray.State = Running
		status.Xray.ErrorMsg = ""
	} else {
		err := s.xrayService.GetXrayErr()
		if err != nil {
			status.Xray.State = Error
		} else {
			status.Xray.State = Stop
		}
		status.Xray.ErrorMsg = s.xrayService.GetXrayResult()
	}
	status.Xray.Version = s.xrayService.GetXrayVersion()

	var amneziawgCount int64
	if err := database.GetDB().Model(model.Inbound{}).
		Where("protocol = ? AND enable = ? AND node_id IS NULL", model.AmneziaWG, true).
		Count(&amneziawgCount).Error; err != nil {
		logger.Warning("count amneziawg inbounds failed:", err)
	}
	status.AmneziaWG.Configured = amneziawgCount > 0
	status.AmneziaWG.Running = amneziawgnet.GetManager().HasRunning()

	status.PanelVersion = config.GetPanelVersion()
	if guid, err := s.settingService.GetPanelGuid(); err == nil {
		status.PanelGuid = guid
	}

	// Application stats
	if rss := sys.SelfRSS(); rss > 0 {
		status.AppStats.Mem = rss
	} else {
		var rtm runtime.MemStats
		runtime.ReadMemStats(&rtm)
		status.AppStats.Mem = rtm.Sys
	}
	status.AppStats.Threads = uint32(runtime.NumGoroutine())
	if process := currentXrayProcess(); process != nil && process.IsRunning() {
		status.AppStats.Uptime = process.GetUptime()
	} else {
		status.AppStats.Uptime = 0
	}

	return status
}

// AppendCpuSample is preserved for callers that only have the CPU number.
// New callers should prefer AppendStatusSample which writes the full set.
func (s *ServerService) AppendCpuSample(t time.Time, v float64) {
	systemMetrics.append("cpu", t, v)
}

// AppendStatusSample writes one tick of every metric we keep — CPU, memory
// percent, network throughput (bytes/s), online client count, and the three
// load averages. Called by RefreshStatus on the same @2s cadence as
// AppendCpuSample, so all series stay aligned.
func (s *ServerService) AppendStatusSample(t time.Time, status *Status) {
	if status == nil {
		return
	}
	systemMetrics.append("cpu", t, status.Cpu)
	if status.Mem.Total > 0 {
		systemMetrics.append("mem", t, float64(status.Mem.Current)*100.0/float64(status.Mem.Total))
	}
	if status.Swap.Total > 0 {
		systemMetrics.append("swap", t, float64(status.Swap.Current)*100.0/float64(status.Swap.Total))
	} else {
		systemMetrics.append("swap", t, 0)
	}
	systemMetrics.append("netUp", t, float64(status.NetIO.Up))
	systemMetrics.append("netDown", t, float64(status.NetIO.Down))
	systemMetrics.append("diskRead", t, float64(status.DiskIO.Read))
	systemMetrics.append("diskWrite", t, float64(status.DiskIO.Write))
	if status.Disk.Total > 0 {
		systemMetrics.append("diskUsage", t, float64(status.Disk.Current)*100.0/float64(status.Disk.Total))
	}
	systemMetrics.append("pktUp", t, float64(status.NetIO.PktUp))
	systemMetrics.append("pktDown", t, float64(status.NetIO.PktDown))
	systemMetrics.append("tcpCount", t, float64(status.TcpCount))
	systemMetrics.append("udpCount", t, float64(status.UdpCount))
	online := 0
	if process := currentXrayProcess(); process != nil && process.IsRunning() {
		online = len(process.GetOnlineClients())
	}
	systemMetrics.append("online", t, float64(online))
	if len(status.Loads) >= 3 {
		systemMetrics.append("load1", t, status.Loads[0])
		systemMetrics.append("load5", t, status.Loads[1])
		systemMetrics.append("load15", t, status.Loads[2])
	}
}

func (s *ServerService) sampleCPUUtilization() (float64, error) {
	// Try native platform-specific CPU implementation first (Windows, Linux, macOS)
	if pct, err := sys.CPUPercentRaw(); err == nil {
		s.mu.Lock()
		// First call to native method returns 0 (initializes baseline)
		if !s.hasNativeCPUSample {
			s.hasNativeCPUSample = true
			s.mu.Unlock()
			return 0, nil
		}
		// Smooth with EMA
		const alpha = 0.3
		if s.emaCPU == 0 {
			s.emaCPU = pct
		} else {
			s.emaCPU = alpha*pct + (1-alpha)*s.emaCPU
		}
		val := s.emaCPU
		s.mu.Unlock()
		return val, nil
	}
	// If native call fails, fall back to gopsutil times
	// Read aggregate CPU times (all CPUs combined)
	times, err := cpu.Times(false)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if len(times) == 0 {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("no cpu times available")
	}

	cur := times[0]

	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()

	// If this is the first sample, initialize and return current EMA (0 by default)
	if !s.hasLastCPUSample {
		s.lastCPUTimes = cur
		s.hasLastCPUSample = true
		return s.emaCPU, nil
	}

	// Compute busy and total deltas
	// Note: Guest and GuestNice times are already included in User and Nice respectively,
	// so we exclude them to avoid double-counting (Linux kernel accounting)
	idleDelta := cur.Idle - s.lastCPUTimes.Idle
	busyDelta := (cur.User - s.lastCPUTimes.User) +
		(cur.System - s.lastCPUTimes.System) +
		(cur.Nice - s.lastCPUTimes.Nice) +
		(cur.Iowait - s.lastCPUTimes.Iowait) +
		(cur.Irq - s.lastCPUTimes.Irq) +
		(cur.Softirq - s.lastCPUTimes.Softirq) +
		(cur.Steal - s.lastCPUTimes.Steal)

	totalDelta := busyDelta + idleDelta

	// Update last sample for next time
	s.lastCPUTimes = cur

	// Guard against division by zero or negative deltas (e.g., counter resets)
	if totalDelta <= 0 {
		return s.emaCPU, nil
	}

	raw := 100.0 * (busyDelta / totalDelta)
	if raw < 0 {
		raw = 0
	}
	if raw > 100 {
		raw = 100
	}

	// Exponential moving average to smooth spikes
	const alpha = 0.3 // smoothing factor (0<alpha<=1). Higher = more responsive, lower = smoother
	if s.emaCPU == 0 {
		// Initialize EMA with the first real reading to avoid long warm-up from zero
		s.emaCPU = raw
	} else {
		s.emaCPU = alpha*raw + (1-alpha)*s.emaCPU
	}

	return s.emaCPU, nil
}

const (
	maxXrayArchiveBytes = 200 << 20
	maxXrayBinaryBytes  = 200 << 20
	// maxXrayDigestBytes caps the .dgst checksum sidecar read; it is a few
	// hundred bytes in practice.
	maxXrayDigestBytes = 64 << 10
)

func (s *ServerService) GetXrayVersions() ([]string, error) {
	const (
		XrayURL    = "https://api.github.com/repos/XTLS/Xray-core/releases"
		bufferSize = 8192
	)

	req, reqErr := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.Background(), http.MethodGet, XrayURL, nil)
	if reqErr != nil {
		return nil, reqErr
	}
	resp, err := s.settingService.NewProxiedHTTPClient(10 * time.Second).Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

	// Check HTTP status code - GitHub API returns object instead of array on error
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
		var errorResponse struct {
			Message string `json:"message"`
		}
		if json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &errorResponse) == nil && errorResponse.Message != "" {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GitHub API error: %s", errorResponse.Message)
		}
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GitHub API returned status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, resp.Status)
	}

	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, bufferSize))
	buffer.Reset()
	if _, err := buffer.ReadFrom(resp.Body); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var releases []Release
	if err := json.Unmarshal(buffer.Bytes(), &releases); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var versions []string
	for _, release := range releases {
		tagVersion := strings.TrimPrefix(release.TagName, "v")
		tagParts := strings.Split(tagVersion, ".")
		if len(tagParts) != 3 {
			continue
		}

		major, err1 := strconv.Atoi(tagParts[0])
		minor, err2 := strconv.Atoi(tagParts[1])
		patch, err3 := strconv.Atoi(tagParts[2])
		if err1 != nil || err2 != nil || err3 != nil {
			continue
		}

		if major > 26 || (major == 26 && minor > 6) || (major == 26 && minor == 6 && patch >= 27) {
			versions = append(versions, release.TagName)
		}
	}
	return versions, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) StopXrayService() error {
	err := s.xrayService.StopXray()
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("stop xray failed:", err)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *ServerService) RestartXrayService() error {
	err := s.xrayService.RestartXray(true)
	if err != nil {
		logger.Error("start xray failed:", err)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *ServerService) downloadXRay(version string) (string, error) {
	osName := runtime.GOOS
	arch := runtime.GOARCH

	switch osName {
	case "darwin":
		osName = "macos"
	case "windows":
		osName = "windows"
	}

	switch arch {
	case "amd64":
		arch = "64"
	case "arm64":
		arch = "arm64-v8a"
	case "armv7":
		arch = "arm32-v7a"
	case "armv6":
		arch = "arm32-v6"
	case "armv5":
		arch = "arm32-v5"
	case "386":
		arch = "32"
	case "s390x":
		arch = "s390x"
	}

	fileName := fmt.Sprintf("Xray-%s-%s.zip", osName, arch)
	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core/releases/download/%s/%s", version, fileName)
	client := s.settingService.NewProxiedHTTPClient(60 * time.Second)
	req, reqErr := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.Background(), http.MethodGet, url, nil)
	if reqErr != nil {
		return "", reqErr
	}
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray: unexpected HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
	}
	if resp.ContentLength > maxXrayArchiveBytes {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray: archive exceeds %d bytes", maxXrayArchiveBytes)
	}

	file, err := os.CreateTemp("", "xray-*.zip")
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	path := file.Name()
	ok := false
	defer func() {
		_ = file.Close()
		if !ok {
			_ = os.Remove(path)
		}
	}()

	n, err := io.Copy(file, io.LimitReader(resp.Body, maxXrayArchiveBytes+1))
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if n > maxXrayArchiveBytes {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray: archive exceeds %d bytes", maxXrayArchiveBytes)
	}

	// Verify the archive against the SHA2-256 published in the release's .dgst
	// sidecar before installing it. TLS protects the transport, not the artifact;
	// a corrupted or tampered asset must not be installed and run as xray.
	want, err := s.fetchXrayDigestSHA256(client, url+".dgst")
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if _, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	hasher := sha256.New()
	if _, err := io.Copy(hasher, file); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if got := hex.EncodeToString(hasher.Sum(nil)); !strings.EqualFold(got, want) {
		// User-facing warning: the archive's SHA-256 does not match the official
		// release checksum, so the download is corrupted or has been tampered
		// with. Abort the install so a bad binary is never run, and tell the user
		// to retry/re-download rather than proceed with a mismatched image.
		return "", fmt.Errorf("Xray update aborted: the downloaded archive does not match the official SHA-256 checksum, so the image is corrupted or differs from the official release. Please exit and re-download the official image, then try again (expected %s, got %s)", want, got)
	}

	ok = true
	return path, nil
}

// fetchXrayDigestSHA256 downloads the .dgst sidecar XTLS publishes next to each
// release asset and returns the SHA2-256 hex digest it lists.
func (s *ServerService) fetchXrayDigestSHA256(client *http.Client, dgstURL string) (string, error) {
	req, reqErr := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.Background(), http.MethodGet, dgstURL, nil)
	if reqErr != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray checksum: %w", reqErr)
	}
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray checksum: %w", err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray checksum: unexpected HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
	}
	raw, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, maxXrayDigestBytes))
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("download xray checksum: %w", err)
	}
	return parseXrayDigestSHA256(raw)
}

// parseXrayDigestSHA256 extracts the lowercase SHA2-256 hex from an XTLS .dgst
// file, whose lines are "ALGO= <hex>" (the relevant one being "SHA2-256= ...").
func parseXrayDigestSHA256(dgst []byte) (string, error) {
	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(dgst), "\n") {
		rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(line), "SHA2-256=")
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		h := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rest))
		if len(h) != 64 {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("xray checksum: malformed SHA2-256 entry in digest")
		}
		return h, nil
	}
	return "", fmt.Errorf("xray checksum: no SHA2-256 entry in digest")
}

func (s *ServerService) UpdateXray(version string) error {
	versions, err := s.GetXrayVersions()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if !slices.Contains(versions, version) {
		return fmt.Errorf("xray version %q is not in the fetched release list", version)
	}

	// 1. Stop xray before doing anything
	if err := s.StopXrayService(); err != nil {
		logger.Warning("failed to stop xray before update:", err)
	}

	// 2. Download the zip
	zipFileName, err := s.downloadXRay(version)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer os.Remove(zipFileName)

	zipFile, err := os.Open(zipFileName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer zipFile.Close()

	stat, err := zipFile.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	reader, err := zip.NewReader(zipFile, stat.Size())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// 3. Helper to extract files
	copyZipFile := func(zipName string, fileName string) error {
		zipFile, err := reader.Open(zipName)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		defer zipFile.Close()
		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(fileName), 0o755); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(filepath.Dir(fileName), ".xray-*")
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
		ok := false
		defer func() {
			_ = tmpFile.Close()
			if !ok {
				_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
			}
		}()
		n, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, io.LimitReader(zipFile, maxXrayBinaryBytes+1))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if n > maxXrayBinaryBytes {
			return fmt.Errorf("xray binary exceeds %d bytes", maxXrayBinaryBytes)
		}
		if err := tmpFile.Chmod(0o755); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
			_ = os.Remove(fileName)
		}
		if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, fileName); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		ok = true
		return nil
	}

	// 4. Extract correct binary
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		targetBinary := filepath.Join(config.GetBinFolderPath(), "xray-windows-amd64.exe")
		err = copyZipFile("xray.exe", targetBinary)
	} else {
		err = copyZipFile("xray", xray.GetBinaryPath())
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// 5. Restart xray
	if err := s.xrayService.RestartXray(true); err != nil {
		logger.Error("start xray failed:", err)
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetLogs(count string, level string, syslog string) []string {
	c, _ := strconv.Atoi(count)
	var lines []string

	if syslog == "true" {
		// Check if running on Windows - journalctl is not available
		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
			return []string{"Syslog is not supported on Windows. Please use application logs instead by unchecking the 'Syslog' option."}
		}

		// Validate and sanitize count parameter
		countInt, err := strconv.Atoi(count)
		if err != nil || countInt < 1 || countInt > 10000 {
			return []string{"Invalid count parameter - must be a number between 1 and 10000"}
		}

		// Validate level parameter - only allow valid syslog levels
		validLevels := map[string]bool{
			"0": true, "emerg": true,
			"1": true, "alert": true,
			"2": true, "crit": true,
			"3": true, "err": true,
			"4": true, "warning": true,
			"5": true, "notice": true,
			"6": true, "info": true,
			"7": true, "debug": true,
		}
		if !validLevels[level] {
			return []string{"Invalid level parameter - must be a valid syslog level"}
		}

		// Use hardcoded command with validated parameters
		cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), "journalctl", "-u", "x-ui", "--no-pager", "-n", strconv.Itoa(countInt), "-p", level)
		var out bytes.Buffer
		cmd.Stdout = &out
		err = cmd.Run()
		if err != nil {
			return []string{"Failed to run journalctl command! Make sure systemd is available and x-ui service is registered."}
		}
		lines = strings.Split(out.String(), "\n")
	} else {
		lines = logger.GetLogs(c, level)
	}

	return lines
}

// parseAccessLogFields extracts the structured fields from one Xray access-log
// line. Lines are attacker-influenced (a client's requested destination lands in
// the log verbatim) and may be truncated, so every positional lookup is length
// guarded: a malformed line yields a partial entry rather than panicking.
func parseAccessLogFields(line string) LogEntry {
	var entry LogEntry
	parts := strings.Fields(line)

	for i, part := range parts {

		if i == 0 && len(parts) > 1 {
			dateTime, err := time.ParseInLocation("2006/01/02 15:04:05.999999", parts[0]+" "+parts[1], time.Local)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			entry.DateTime = dateTime.UTC()
		}

		if part == "from" && i+1 < len(parts) {
			entry.FromAddress = strings.TrimLeft(parts[i+1], "/")
		} else if part == "accepted" && i+1 < len(parts) {
			entry.ToAddress = strings.TrimLeft(parts[i+1], "/")
		} else if strings.HasPrefix(part, "[") {
			entry.Inbound = part[1:]
		} else if strings.HasSuffix(part, "]") {
			entry.Outbound = part[:len(part)-1]
		} else if part == "email:" && i+1 < len(parts) {
			entry.Email = parts[i+1]
		}
	}

	return entry
}

// PeerActivity is one peer's live embedded-Device-reported state, the
// counterpart of an Xray access-log entry: a tunnel logs no requests, only
// handshakes and bytes.
type PeerActivity struct {
	Interface  string `json:"interface" example:"awg1"`
	Tag        string `json:"tag" example:"inbound-51820"`
	InboundId  int    `json:"inboundId" example:"1"`
	Email      string `json:"email" example:"[email protected]"`
	Endpoint   string `json:"endpoint" example:"203.0.113.9:51820"`
	AllowedIPs string `json:"allowedIPs" example:"10.8.1.2/32"`
	// Handshake is unix milliseconds, 0 when the peer has never connected.
	Handshake int64 `json:"handshake" example:"1735732800000"`
	Up        int64 `json:"up" example:"1048576"`
	Down      int64 `json:"down" example:"4194304"`
	Online    bool  `json:"online" example:"true"`
}

// amneziawgOnlineWindow mirrors the standard WireGuard convention (and this
// fork's own prior kernel-module behavior): a handshake this recent counts
// as online.
const amneziawgOnlineWindow = 180 * time.Second

// AmneziaWGLogs is what the overview's AmneziaWG log view renders: the live
// per-peer activity of every running embedded interface, plus the panel's
// own recent AmneziaWG lifecycle log lines that explain a peer being absent
// from Peers at all.
type AmneziaWGLogs struct {
	Peers   []PeerActivity `json:"peers"`
	Events  []string       `json:"events" example:"[\"2025/01/01 12:00:00 amneziawg: started interface awg1 for inbound 1\"]"`
	Running bool           `json:"running" example:"true"`
}

// amneziawgEventMarker selects the panel's own AmneziaWG log lines: every
// logger call in internal/amneziawg, internal/amneziawgnet and their jobs
// prefixes its message with it.
const amneziawgEventMarker = "amneziawg"

// amneziawgLogActivity gathers live PeerActivity rows across every enabled,
// non-node-hosted AmneziaWG inbound, newest handshake first. An inbound
// amneziawgnet has no running Device for yet (not reconciled, disabled,
// errored) contributes no rows -- not reported as an error, since the
// caller (GetAmneziaWGLogs) already has a device-agnostic Running flag from
// amneziawgnet.GetManager().HasRunning() for that.
// clampUint64ToInt64 saturates at math.MaxInt64 instead of wrapping negative,
// for a live uint64 byte counter (amneziawgnet's own UAPI-dump snapshot, not
// a DB-accumulated total) going into an int64 API field -- unreachable in
// practice at real traffic volumes, but a silent negative value would be
// worse than a saturated one if it were ever hit.
func clampUint64ToInt64(v uint64) int64 {
	if v > math.MaxInt64 {
		return math.MaxInt64
	}
	return int64(v)
}

func amneziawgLogActivity() []PeerActivity {
	var inbounds []*model.Inbound
	if err := database.GetDB().
		Where("protocol = ? AND enable = ? AND node_id IS NULL", model.AmneziaWG, true).
		Find(&inbounds).Error; err != nil {
		logger.Warning("amneziawg logs: list inbounds failed:", err)
		return nil
	}

	now := time.Now()
	var out []PeerActivity
	for _, inbound := range inbounds {
		inst, ok := amneziawg.InstanceFromInbound(inbound)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		diag := amneziawgnet.Diagnose(inbound.Id, inst.Peers)
		if !diag.Running {
			continue
		}
		for _, cd := range diag.Clients {
			var handshakeMs int64
			online := false
			if !cd.LastHandshake.IsZero() {
				handshakeMs = cd.LastHandshake.UnixMilli()
				online = now.Sub(cd.LastHandshake) < amneziawgOnlineWindow
			}
			out = append(out, PeerActivity{
				Interface:  inst.InterfaceName,
				Tag:        inbound.Tag,
				InboundId:  inbound.Id,
				Email:      cd.Email,
				Endpoint:   cd.Endpoint,
				AllowedIPs: cd.AllowedIPs,
				Handshake:  handshakeMs,
				Up:         clampUint64ToInt64(cd.RxBytes),
				Down:       clampUint64ToInt64(cd.TxBytes),
				Online:     online,
			})
		}
	}
	slices.SortFunc(out, func(a, b PeerActivity) int {
		if a.Handshake != b.Handshake {
			return cmp.Compare(b.Handshake, a.Handshake)
		}
		return strings.Compare(a.Email, b.Email)
	})
	return out
}

// GetAmneziaWGLogs returns at most count peer rows and count event lines,
// optionally narrowed to rows whose text contains filter (case-insensitive),
// mirroring GetXrayLogs' own count+filter contract.
func (s *ServerService) GetAmneziaWGLogs(count string, filter string) *AmneziaWGLogs {
	limit, err := strconv.Atoi(count)
	if err != nil || limit < 1 || limit > 10000 {
		limit = 100
	}
	needle := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(filter))

	logs := &AmneziaWGLogs{Peers: []PeerActivity{}, Events: []string{}, Running: amneziawgnet.GetManager().HasRunning()}

	for _, peer := range amneziawgLogActivity() {
		if len(logs.Peers) >= limit {
			break
		}
		if needle != "" && !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(peer.Email+" "+peer.Tag+" "+peer.Interface+" "+peer.Endpoint+" "+peer.AllowedIPs), needle) {
			continue
		}
		logs.Peers = append(logs.Peers, peer)
	}

	for _, line := range logger.GetLogs(10000, "debug") {
		if len(logs.Events) >= limit {
			break
		}
		if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(line), amneziawgEventMarker) {
			continue
		}
		if needle != "" && !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(line), needle) {
			continue
		}
		logs.Events = append(logs.Events, line)
	}
	return logs
}

func (s *ServerService) GetXrayLogs(
	count string,
	filter string,
	showDirect string,
	showBlocked string,
	showProxy string,
	freedoms []string,
	blackholes []string,
) []LogEntry {
	const (
		Direct = iota
		Blocked
		Proxied
	)

	countInt, _ := strconv.Atoi(count)
	var entries []LogEntry

	pathToAccessLog, err := xray.GetAccessLogPath()
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	file, err := os.Open(pathToAccessLog)
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}
	defer file.Close()

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)

	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())

		if line == "" || strings.Contains(line, "api -> api") {
			// skipping empty lines and api calls
			continue
		}

		if filter != "" && !strings.Contains(line, filter) {
			// applying filter if it's not empty
			continue
		}

		entry := parseAccessLogFields(line)

		if logEntryContains(line, freedoms) {
			if showDirect == "false" {
				continue
			}
			entry.Event = Direct
		} else if logEntryContains(line, blackholes) {
			if showBlocked == "false" {
				continue
			}
			entry.Event = Blocked
		} else {
			if showProxy == "false" {
				continue
			}
			entry.Event = Proxied
		}

		entries = append(entries, entry)
	}

	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	if len(entries) > countInt {
		entries = entries[len(entries)-countInt:]
	}

	return entries
}

// isVirtualInterface returns true for loopback and virtual/tunnel interfaces
// that should be excluded from network traffic statistics.
func isVirtualInterface(name string) bool {
	// Exact matches
	if name == "lo" || name == "lo0" {
		return true
	}
	// Prefix matches for virtual/tunnel interfaces
	virtualPrefixes := []string{
		"loopback",
		"docker",
		"br-",
		"veth",
		"virbr",
		"tun",
		"tap",
		"wg",
		"tailscale",
		"zt",
	}
	for _, prefix := range virtualPrefixes {
		if strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func logEntryContains(line string, suffixes []string) bool {
	for _, sfx := range suffixes {
		if strings.Contains(line, sfx+"]") {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s *ServerService) GetConfigJson() (any, error) {
	config, err := s.xrayService.GetXrayConfig()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	contents, err := json.MarshalIndent(config, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var jsonData any
	err = json.Unmarshal(contents, &jsonData)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return jsonData, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetDb() ([]byte, error) {
	if database.IsPostgres() {
		return s.exportPostgresDB()
	}
	backupPath, cleanup, err := s.backupSQLite()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer cleanup()
	return os.ReadFile(backupPath)
}

func (s *ServerService) backupSQLite() (string, func(), error) {
	backupDir, err := os.MkdirTemp(filepath.Dir(config.GetDBPath()), ".x-ui-backup-")
	if err != nil {
		return "", nil, err
	}
	cleanup := func() { _ = os.RemoveAll(backupDir) }
	backupPath := filepath.Join(backupDir, "backup.db")
	if err := database.BackupSQLite(backupPath); err != nil {
		cleanup()
		return "", nil, err
	}
	return backupPath, cleanup, nil
}

// BackupFilename returns the filename for a database backup, named after the
// panel's address so a downloaded or Telegram-sent backup identifies the server
// it came from, followed by the current date and time (_YYYY-MM-DD_HHMMSS) so
// files accumulated in Telegram chat history group by server then sort
// chronologically and same-day backups stay distinct. requestHost is the
// browser's address: the getDb handler passes c.Request.Host so a panel download
// is named after whatever address the user reached the panel with, no Listen
// Domain needed. The Telegram bot has no request and passes "", falling back to
// the configured Listen Domain (webDomain) and then the public IP. The extension
// is .dump on PostgreSQL and .db on SQLite; the base falls back to "x-ui" when
// no address is known.
func (s *ServerService) BackupFilename(requestHost string) string {
	ext := ".db"
	if database.IsPostgres() {
		ext = ".dump"
	}
	return s.backupHost(requestHost) + backupDateSuffix(time.Now()) + ext
}

// backupDateSuffix returns the _YYYY-MM-DD_HHMMSS chronological suffix appended
// after the host in backup filenames. Uses server-local time for consistency
// with the timestamp printed in the Telegram backup message body.
func backupDateSuffix(now time.Time) string {
	return "_" + now.Format("2006-01-02_150405")
}

// backupHost picks the address used to name backup files: the browser's request
// host (port stripped) when available, otherwise the configured Listen Domain
// (webDomain) and then the resolved public IP (IPv4 before IPv6), reduced to safe
// filename characters. The public IP is resolved directly rather than read from
// LastStatus so callers whose ServerService never runs the status ticker —
// notably the Telegram bot — still get a real address instead of the "x-ui"
// fallback.
func (s *ServerService) backupHost(requestHost string) string {
	host := extractHostname(strings.TrimSpace(requestHost))
	if host == "" {
		if domain, err := s.settingService.GetWebDomain(); err == nil {
			host = strings.TrimSpace(domain)
		}
	}
	if host == "" {
		s.resolvePublicIPs()
		if ip := s.cachedIPv4; ip != "" && ip != "N/A" {
			host = ip
		} else if ip := s.cachedIPv6; ip != "" && ip != "N/A" {
			host = ip
		}
	}
	return sanitizeBackupHost(host)
}

// sanitizeBackupHost reduces a host to characters safe in a download filename
// (the getDb handler enforces ^[a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+$). IPv6 brackets are stripped
// and any other character — such as the colons in an IPv6 address — becomes a
// hyphen. Returns "x-ui" when nothing usable remains.
func sanitizeBackupHost(host string) string {
	host = strings.Trim(host, "[]")
	var b strings.Builder
	for _, r := range host {
		switch {
		case r >= 'a' && r <= 'z', r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z', r >= '0' && r <= '9', r == '.', r == '-', r == '_':
			b.WriteRune(r)
		default:
			b.WriteRune('-')
		}
	}
	out := strings.Trim(b.String(), ".-")
	if out == "" {
		return "x-ui"
	}
	return out
}

// GetMigration produces a cross-engine migration file plus its filename: on a
// SQLite panel it returns a portable .dump (SQL text), and on a PostgreSQL panel
// it returns a .db SQLite database built from the live data. Either output can
// then seed a panel running on the other backend.
func (s *ServerService) GetMigration() ([]byte, string, error) {
	if database.IsPostgres() {
		tmp, err := os.CreateTemp("", "x-ui-migration-*.db")
		if err != nil {
			return nil, "", err
		}
		tmpPath := tmp.Name()
		tmp.Close()
		defer os.Remove(tmpPath)

		if err := database.ExportPostgresToSQLite(config.GetDBDSN(), tmpPath); err != nil {
			return nil, "", err
		}
		data, err := os.ReadFile(tmpPath)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, "", err
		}
		return data, "x-ui.db", nil
	}

	backupPath, cleanup, err := s.backupSQLite()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	defer cleanup()
	data, err := database.DumpSQLiteToBytes(backupPath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	return data, "x-ui.dump", nil
}

// hostBoundSettingKeys are the settings that describe *this* machine rather
// than the configuration being carried: where the panel and the subscription
// service listen, the certificates they present, and the identity this panel
// uses towards its nodes. An import that overwrites them leaves the
// destination unreachable on its own address, or impersonating the source.
var hostBoundSettingKeys = []string{
	"webListen", "webDomain", "webPort", "webCertFile", "webKeyFile", "webBasePath",
	"subListen", "subDomain", "subPort", "subCertFile", "subKeyFile", "subURI", "subJsonURI",
	"secret", "panelGuid",
	"nodeMtlsCaCertPem", "nodeMtlsCaKeyPem", "nodeMtlsClientCertPem",
	"nodeMtlsClientKeyPem", "nodeMtlsClientCertSha256", "nodeMtlsClientCAPem",
}

// hostBoundSnapshot records this machine's values, and just as importantly
// which keys it had no row for: an absent row means the built-in default is in
// force, and leaving the imported row in place would silently adopt the source
// machine's certificate path or listen address.
type hostBoundSnapshot struct {
	values  map[string]string
	present map[string]struct{}
	taken   bool
}

func captureHostBoundSettings() hostBoundSnapshot {
	db := database.GetDB()
	if db == nil {
		return hostBoundSnapshot{}
	}
	var rows []model.Setting
	if err := db.Model(&model.Setting{}).Where("key IN ?", hostBoundSettingKeys).Find(&rows).Error; err != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Import: could not read this machine's settings, they will come from the uploaded file: %v", err)
		return hostBoundSnapshot{}
	}
	snap := hostBoundSnapshot{
		values:  make(map[string]string, len(rows)),
		present: make(map[string]struct{}, len(rows)),
		taken:   true,
	}
	for _, row := range rows {
		snap.values[row.Key] = row.Value
		snap.present[row.Key] = struct{}{}
	}
	return snap
}

func restoreHostBoundSettings(snap hostBoundSnapshot) {
	if !snap.taken {
		return
	}
	db := database.GetDB()
	if db == nil {
		return
	}
	settingSvc := &SettingService{}
	for _, key := range hostBoundSettingKeys {
		if _, had := snap.present[key]; !had {
			// Absent because it is minted on demand, not because a default applied:
			// the imported copy is the only one that exists, so keep it (#6227).
			if lazilyMintedSettingKeys[key] {
				continue
			}
			if err := db.Where("key = ?", key).Delete(&model.Setting{}).Error; err != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Import: could not drop imported setting %q: %v", key, err)
			}
			continue
		}
		// saveSetting rather than Assign(struct): GORM drops zero-valued fields from
		// the assignment map, so an empty local value never overwrote the import.
		if err := settingSvc.saveSetting(key, snap.values[key]); err != nil {
			logger.Warningf("Import: could not restore setting %q for this machine: %v", key, err)
		}
	}
}

// Minted on demand, so a fresh install has no row: dropping the imported copy
// would destroy the only one that exists, CA private key included.
var lazilyMintedSettingKeys = map[string]bool{
	"nodeMtlsCaCertPem":     true,
	"nodeMtlsCaKeyPem":      true,
	"nodeMtlsClientCertPem": true,
	"nodeMtlsClientKeyPem":  true,
	"nodeMtlsClientCAPem":   true,
}

func (s *ServerService) ImportDB(file multipart.File, keepHostSettings bool) error {
	if database.IsPostgres() {
		return s.importPostgresDB(file, keepHostSettings)
	}
	kind, err := sniffUploadKind(file)
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error reading uploaded file: %v", err)
	}
	switch kind {
	case importKindSQLiteDB, importKindSQLiteDump:
	case importKindPgDump:
		return common.NewError("This file is a PostgreSQL backup; it can only be restored on a panel running PostgreSQL")
	default:
		return common.NewError("Invalid file: expected a SQLite database (.db) from Back Up or a SQLite migration dump (.dump)")
	}

	tempPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.temp", config.GetDBPath())

	if _, err := os.Stat(tempPath); err == nil {
		if errRemove := os.Remove(tempPath); errRemove != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error removing existing temporary db file: %v", errRemove)
		}
	}
	defer func() {
		if _, err := os.Stat(tempPath); err == nil {
			if rerr := os.Remove(tempPath); rerr != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Warning: failed to remove temp file: %v", rerr)
			}
		}
	}()

	if err := stageSQLiteUpload(file, kind, tempPath); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err = database.ValidateSQLiteDB(tempPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Invalid or corrupt db file: %v", err)
	}
	if err = database.PrepareSQLiteForMigration(tempPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("This file cannot be imported: %v", err)
	}

	xrayStopped := true
	defer func() {
		if xrayStopped {
			if errR := s.RestartXrayService(); errR != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Failed to restart Xray after DB import error: %v", errR)
			}
		}
	}()
	if errStop := s.StopXrayService(); errStop != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to stop Xray before DB import: %v", errStop)
	}

	var keptSettings hostBoundSnapshot
	if keepHostSettings {
		keptSettings = captureHostBoundSettings()
	}

	if errClose := database.CloseDB(); errClose != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to close existing DB before replacement: %v", errClose)
	}

	// Registered after the xray-restart defer so it runs first (LIFO): every
	// error return below leaves a database file at the configured path, and the
	// restart needs an open pool to build the xray config from it.
	dbReopened := false
	defer func() {
		if dbReopened {
			return
		}
		if errReopen := database.InitDB(config.GetDBPath()); errReopen != nil {
			logger.Warningf("Failed to reopen the database after import error: %v", errReopen)
		}
	}()

	// Backup the current database for fallback
	fallbackPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.backup", config.GetDBPath())

	// Remove the existing fallback file (if any)
	if _, err := os.Stat(fallbackPath); err == nil {
		if errRemove := os.Remove(fallbackPath); errRemove != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error removing existing fallback db file: %v", errRemove)
		}
	}

	// Move the current database to the fallback location
	if err = os.Rename(config.GetDBPath(), fallbackPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error backing up current db file: %v", err)
	}

	// Move temp to DB path
	if err = os.Rename(tempPath, config.GetDBPath()); err != nil {
		// Restore from fallback
		if errRename := os.Rename(fallbackPath, config.GetDBPath()); errRename != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error moving db file and restoring fallback: %v", errRename)
		}
		return common.NewErrorf("Error moving db file: %v", err)
	}

	// Open & migrate new DB
	if err = database.InitDB(config.GetDBPath()); err != nil {
		// A failed InitDB still holds the imported file open; close before the
		// rename or Windows refuses to replace it.
		if errClose := database.CloseDB(); errClose != nil {
			logger.Warningf("Failed to close the imported DB before restoring fallback: %v", errClose)
		}
		if errRename := os.Rename(fallbackPath, config.GetDBPath()); errRename != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error migrating db and restoring fallback: %v", errRename)
		}
		return common.NewErrorf("Error migrating db: %v", err)
	}
	dbReopened = true

	restoreHostBoundSettings(keptSettings)

	s.inboundService.MigrateDB()

	xrayStopped = false
	if err = s.RestartXrayService(); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Imported DB but failed to start Xray: %v; the previous database was kept at %s", err, fallbackPath)
	}

	if _, err := os.Stat(fallbackPath); err == nil {
		if rerr := os.Remove(fallbackPath); rerr != nil {
			logger.Warningf("Warning: failed to remove fallback file: %v", rerr)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// pgConnEnv turns the configured PostgreSQL DSN into the PG* environment used by
// pg_dump/pg_restore, keeping the password out of the process argument list.
func pgConnEnv(dsn string) (env []string, dbname string, err error) {
	u, err := url.Parse(strings.TrimSpace(dsn))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	if u.Scheme != "postgres" && u.Scheme != "postgresql" {
		return nil, "", common.NewErrorf("unsupported DSN scheme %q", u.Scheme)
	}
	dbname = strings.TrimPrefix(u.Path, "/")
	if dbname == "" {
		return nil, "", common.NewError("PostgreSQL DSN is missing a database name")
	}
	host := u.Hostname()
	if host == "" {
		host = "127.0.0.1"
	}
	port := u.Port()
	if port == "" {
		port = "5432"
	}
	env = append(os.Environ(), "PGHOST="+host, "PGPORT="+port, "PGDATABASE="+dbname)
	if user := u.User.Username(); user != "" {
		env = append(env, "PGUSER="+user)
	}
	if pass, ok := u.User.Password(); ok {
		env = append(env, "PGPASSWORD="+pass)
	}
	if sslmode := u.Query().Get("sslmode"); sslmode != "" {
		env = append(env, "PGSSLMODE="+sslmode)
	}
	return env, dbname, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) exportPostgresDB() ([]byte, error) {
	bin, err := exec.LookPath("pg_dump")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.NewError("pg_dump not found on the server; install the postgresql-client package to back up a PostgreSQL database")
	}
	env, dbname, err := pgConnEnv(config.GetDBDSN())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.NewErrorf("invalid PostgreSQL DSN: %v", err)
	}
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), bin, "--format=custom", "--no-owner", "--no-privileges", "--dbname", dbname)
	cmd.Env = env
	var out, stderr bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
		return nil, common.NewErrorf("pg_dump failed: %v: %s", err, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
	}
	return out.Bytes(), nil
}

var (
	pgUnsupportedDumpVersionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`unsupported version \((\d+\.\d+)\) in file header`)
	pgToolVersionPattern            = regexp.MustCompile(`\d+(?:\.\d+)+`)
)

var pgArchiveVersionIntroducedIn = map[string]int{
	"1.15": 16,
	"1.16": 17,
}

// checkPgRestoreCanRead probes the dump with pg_restore --list (reads only the
// TOC, no database connection) so an unreadable file fails before Xray is stopped.
func checkPgRestoreCanRead(bin, dumpPath string) error {
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), bin, "--list", dumpPath)
	cmd.Stdout = io.Discard
	var stderr bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
	if cmd.Run() == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return pgRestoreReadFailureError(strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()), pgRestoreVersion(bin))
}

func pgRestoreReadFailureError(probeOutput, localVersion string) error {
	m := pgUnsupportedDumpVersionPattern.FindStringSubmatch(probeOutput)
	if m == nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("pg_restore cannot read this dump file: %s", probeOutput)
	}
	if localVersion == "" {
		localVersion = "unknown"
	}
	if major, known := pgArchiveVersionIntroducedIn[m[1]]; known {
		return common.NewErrorf("This backup was created by pg_dump from PostgreSQL %d or newer, but the server's pg_restore is version %s and cannot read it; run 'x-ui pgclient %d' on the server (or upgrade the postgresql-client package to version %d or newer), then retry the import", major, localVersion, major, major)
	}
	return common.NewErrorf("This backup was created by a newer pg_dump than the server's pg_restore (version %s) can read; upgrade the postgresql-client package and retry the import", localVersion)
}

func pgRestoreVersion(bin string) string {
	out, err := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), bin, "--version").Output()
	if err != nil {
		return ""
	}
	return parsePgToolVersion(string(out))
}

func parsePgToolVersion(versionOutput string) string {
	return pgToolVersionPattern.FindString(versionOutput)
}

const (
	importKindUnknown = iota
	importKindPgDump
	importKindSQLiteDB
	importKindSQLiteDump
)

// sniffImportKind classifies an uploaded restore file by its leading bytes:
// a pg_dump custom archive, a raw SQLite database, or a SQLite SQL text dump.
func sniffImportKind(header []byte) int {
	if bytes.HasPrefix(header, []byte("PGDMP")) {
		return importKindPgDump
	}
	if bytes.HasPrefix(header, []byte("SQLite format 3\x00")) {
		return importKindSQLiteDB
	}
	text := bytes.TrimLeft(bytes.TrimPrefix(header, []byte("\xef\xbb\xbf")), " \t\r\n")
	if bytes.HasPrefix(text, []byte("PRAGMA")) || bytes.HasPrefix(text, []byte("BEGIN TRANSACTION")) {
		return importKindSQLiteDump
	}
	return importKindUnknown
}

func sniffUploadKind(file multipart.File) (int, error) {
	header := make([]byte, 64)
	n, err := file.ReadAt(header, 0)
	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
		return importKindUnknown, err
	}
	if _, err := file.Seek(0, 0); err != nil {
		return importKindUnknown, err
	}
	return sniffImportKind(header[:n]), nil
}

func (s *ServerService) importPostgresDB(file multipart.File, keepHostSettings bool) error {
	kind, err := sniffUploadKind(file)
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error reading uploaded file: %v", err)
	}
	switch kind {
	case importKindPgDump:
		return s.restorePostgresDump(file, keepHostSettings)
	case importKindSQLiteDB:
		return s.migrateSQLiteIntoPostgres(file, false)
	case importKindSQLiteDump:
		return s.migrateSQLiteIntoPostgres(file, true)
	default:
		return common.NewError("Invalid file: expected a PostgreSQL custom-format dump (.dump) from this panel's Back Up, a SQLite database (.db), or a SQLite migration dump")
	}
}

func (s *ServerService) restorePostgresDump(file multipart.File, keepHostSettings bool) error {
	bin, err := exec.LookPath("pg_restore")
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewError("pg_restore not found on the server; install the postgresql-client package to restore a PostgreSQL database")
	}
	env, dbname, err := pgConnEnv(config.GetDBDSN())
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("invalid PostgreSQL DSN: %v", err)
	}

	tempFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "x-ui-pg-restore-*.dump")
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error creating temporary dump file: %v", err)
	}
	tempPath := tempFile.Name()
	defer os.Remove(tempPath)
	if _, err := io.Copy(tempFile, file); err != nil {
		tempFile.Close()
		return common.NewErrorf("Error saving dump: %v", err)
	}
	if err := tempFile.Close(); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error closing temporary dump file: %v", err)
	}

	if err := checkPgRestoreCanRead(bin, tempPath); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	xrayStopped := true
	defer func() {
		if xrayStopped {
			if errR := s.RestartXrayService(); errR != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Failed to restart Xray after DB restore error: %v", errR)
			}
		}
	}()
	if errStop := s.StopXrayService(); errStop != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to stop Xray before DB restore: %v", errStop)
	}

	var keptSettings hostBoundSnapshot
	if keepHostSettings {
		keptSettings = captureHostBoundSettings()
	}

	if errClose := database.CloseDB(); errClose != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to close existing DB before restore: %v", errClose)
	}

	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), bin,
		"--clean", "--if-exists", "--no-owner", "--no-privileges",
		"--single-transaction", "--dbname", dbname, tempPath,
	)
	cmd.Env = env
	var stderr bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
	runErr := cmd.Run()

	if errInit := database.InitDB(config.GetDBPath()); errInit != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Restore finished but reopening the database failed: %v", errInit)
	}
	restoreHostBoundSettings(keptSettings)

	s.inboundService.MigrateDB()

	if runErr != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("pg_restore failed (database left unchanged): %v: %s", runErr, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
	}

	xrayStopped = false
	if err := s.RestartXrayService(); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Restored DB but failed to start Xray: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *ServerService) migrateSQLiteIntoPostgres(file multipart.File, isSQLDump bool) error {
	tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "x-ui-pg-migrate-*")
	if err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error creating temporary folder: %v", err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)

	uploadPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "upload.db")
	if isSQLDump {
		uploadPath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "upload.dump")
	}
	if err := saveUploadedFile(file, uploadPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error saving uploaded file: %v", err)
	}

	dbPath := uploadPath
	if isSQLDump {
		dbPath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "restored.db")
		if err := database.RestoreSQLite(uploadPath, dbPath); err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error rebuilding a SQLite database from the migration dump: %v", err)
		}
	}
	if err := database.ValidateSQLiteDB(dbPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Invalid or corrupt db file: %v", err)
	}
	if err := database.PrepareSQLiteForMigration(dbPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("This file cannot be imported: %v", err)
	}

	xrayStopped := true
	defer func() {
		if xrayStopped {
			if errR := s.RestartXrayService(); errR != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Failed to restart Xray after DB restore error: %v", errR)
			}
		}
	}()
	if errStop := s.StopXrayService(); errStop != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to stop Xray before DB restore: %v", errStop)
	}

	if errClose := database.CloseDB(); errClose != nil {
		logger.Warningf("Failed to close existing DB before restore: %v", errClose)
	}

	migrateErr := database.MigrateData(dbPath, config.GetDBDSN())

	if errInit := database.InitDB(config.GetDBPath()); errInit != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Restore finished but reopening the database failed: %v", errInit)
	}
	s.inboundService.MigrateDB()

	if migrateErr != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Importing the SQLite data into PostgreSQL failed: %v; the import runs in a single transaction, so the database was left unchanged", migrateErr)
	}

	xrayStopped = false
	if err := s.RestartXrayService(); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Restored DB but failed to start Xray: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func saveUploadedFile(file multipart.File, dstPath string) error {
	dst, err := os.Create(dstPath)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if _, err := io.Copy(dst, file); err != nil {
		dst.Close()
		return err
	}
	return dst.Close()
}

func stageSQLiteUpload(file multipart.File, kind int, tempPath string) error {
	if kind == importKindSQLiteDump {
		dumpPath := tempPath + ".dump"
		defer os.Remove(dumpPath)
		if err := saveUploadedFile(file, dumpPath); err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error saving migration dump: %v", err)
		}
		if err := database.RestoreSQLite(dumpPath, tempPath); err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Error rebuilding a SQLite database from the migration dump: %v", err)
		}
		return nil
	}
	if err := saveUploadedFile(file, tempPath); err != nil {
		return common.NewErrorf("Error saving db: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// IsValidGeofileName validates that the filename is safe for geofile operations.
// It checks for path traversal attempts and ensures the filename contains only safe characters.
func (s *ServerService) IsValidGeofileName(filename string) bool {
	if filename == "" {
		return false
	}

	// Check for path traversal attempts
	if strings.Contains(filename, "..") {
		return false
	}

	// Check for path separators (both forward and backward slash)
	if strings.ContainsAny(filename, `/\`) {
		return false
	}

	// Check for absolute path indicators
	if filepath.IsAbs(filename) {
		return false
	}

	// Additional security: only allow alphanumeric, dots, underscores, and hyphens
	// This is stricter than the general filename regex
	validGeofilePattern := `^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\.dat$`
	matched, _ := regexp.MatchString(validGeofilePattern, filename)
	return matched
}

func (s *ServerService) UpdateGeofile(fileName string) error {
	type geofileEntry struct {
		URL      string
		FileName string
	}
	geofileAllowlist := map[string]geofileEntry{
		"geoip.dat":      {"https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat/releases/latest/download/geoip.dat", "geoip.dat"},
		"geosite.dat":    {"https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat/releases/latest/download/geosite.dat", "geosite.dat"},
		"geoip_IR.dat":   {"https://github.com/chocolate4u/Iran-v2ray-rules/releases/latest/download/geoip.dat", "geoip_IR.dat"},
		"geosite_IR.dat": {"https://github.com/chocolate4u/Iran-v2ray-rules/releases/latest/download/geosite.dat", "geosite_IR.dat"},
		"geoip_RU.dat":   {"https://github.com/runetfreedom/russia-v2ray-rules-dat/releases/latest/download/geoip.dat", "geoip_RU.dat"},
		"geosite_RU.dat": {"https://github.com/runetfreedom/russia-v2ray-rules-dat/releases/latest/download/geosite.dat", "geosite_RU.dat"},
	}

	// Strict allowlist check to avoid writing uncontrolled files
	if fileName != "" {
		if _, ok := geofileAllowlist[fileName]; !ok {
			return common.NewErrorf("Invalid geofile name: %q not in allowlist", fileName)
		}
	}

	client := s.settingService.NewProxiedHTTPClient(0)

	downloadFile := func(url, destPath string) error {
		var req *http.Request
		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.Background(), http.MethodGet, url, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Failed to create HTTP request for %s: %v", url, err)
		}

		var localFileModTime time.Time
		if fileInfo, err := os.Stat(destPath); err == nil {
			localFileModTime = fileInfo.ModTime()
			if !localFileModTime.IsZero() {
				req.Header.Set("If-Modified-Since", localFileModTime.UTC().Format(http.TimeFormat))
			}
		}

		resp, err := client.Do(req)
		if err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Failed to download Geofile from %s: %v", url, err)
		}
		defer resp.Body.Close()

		// Parse Last-Modified header from server
		var serverModTime time.Time
		serverModTimeStr := resp.Header.Get("Last-Modified")
		if serverModTimeStr != "" {
			parsedTime, err := time.Parse(http.TimeFormat, serverModTimeStr)
			if err != nil {
				logger.Warningf("Failed to parse Last-Modified header for %s: %v", url, err)
			} else {
				serverModTime = parsedTime
			}
		}

		// Function to update local file's modification time
		updateFileModTime := func() {
			if !serverModTime.IsZero() {
				if err := os.Chtimes(destPath, serverModTime, serverModTime); err != nil {
					logger.Warningf("Failed to update modification time for %s: %v", destPath, err)
				}
			}
		}

		// Handle 304 Not Modified
		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
			updateFileModTime()
			return nil
		}

		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
			return common.NewErrorf("Failed to download Geofile from %s: received status code %d", url, resp.StatusCode)
		}

		file, err := os.Create(destPath)
		if err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Failed to create Geofile %s: %v", destPath, err)
		}
		defer file.Close()

		_, err = io.Copy(file, resp.Body)
		if err != nil {
			return common.NewErrorf("Failed to save Geofile %s: %v", destPath, err)
		}

		updateFileModTime()
		return nil
	}

	var errorMessages []string

	if fileName == "" {
		// Download all geofiles
		for _, entry := range geofileAllowlist {
			destPath := filepath.Join(config.GetBinFolderPath(), entry.FileName)
			if err := downloadFile(entry.URL, destPath); err != nil {
				errorMessages = append(errorMessages, fmt.Sprintf("Error downloading Geofile '%s': %v", entry.FileName, err))
			}
		}
	} else {
		entry := geofileAllowlist[fileName]
		destPath := filepath.Join(config.GetBinFolderPath(), entry.FileName)
		if err := downloadFile(entry.URL, destPath); err != nil {
			errorMessages = append(errorMessages, fmt.Sprintf("Error downloading Geofile '%s': %v", entry.FileName, err))
		}
	}

	err := s.RestartXrayService()
	if err != nil {
		errorMessages = append(errorMessages, fmt.Sprintf("Updated Geofile '%s' but Failed to start Xray: %v", fileName, err))
	}

	if len(errorMessages) > 0 {
		return common.NewErrorf("%s", strings.Join(errorMessages, "\r\n"))
	}

	return nil
}

// parseXrayKeyPairOutput reads the two-line "Label: value" output that xray's
// key-generation subcommands (x25519, mldsa65, mlkem768) print and returns the
// two values. Short or label-less output yields an error instead of panicking
// on an out-of-range slice index, so a future xray version that changes the
// format degrades to a 500 with a message rather than a crash.
func parseXrayKeyPairOutput(output string) (string, string, error) {
	lines := strings.Split(output, "\n")
	if len(lines) < 2 {
		return "", "", common.NewError("unexpected key generator output")
	}
	first := strings.Split(lines[0], ":")
	second := strings.Split(lines[1], ":")
	if len(first) < 2 || len(second) < 2 {
		return "", "", common.NewError("unexpected key generator output")
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(first[1]), strings.TrimSpace(second[1]), nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewX25519Cert() (any, error) {
	// Run the command
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), xray.GetBinaryPath(), "x25519")
	var out bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	err := cmd.Run()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	privateKey, publicKey, err := parseXrayKeyPairOutput(out.String())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	keyPair := map[string]any{
		"privateKey": privateKey,
		"publicKey":  publicKey,
	}

	return keyPair, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewmldsa65() (*MLDSA65Response, error) {
	// Run the command
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), xray.GetBinaryPath(), "mldsa65")
	var out bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	err := cmd.Run()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	seed, verify, err := parseXrayKeyPairOutput(out.String())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	keyPair := &MLDSA65Response{
		Seed:   seed,
		Verify: verify,
	}

	return keyPair, nil
}

// GetCertHash parses a certificate (from a file path or inline PEM/DER content)
// and returns the hex-encoded SHA-256 over each certificate's raw DER — the
// value xray-core's pinnedPeerCertSha256 (pcs) expects. Lets the panel fill the
// pinned-cert field from the inbound's own certificate without the user
// computing the hash by hand.
func (s *ServerService) GetCertHash(certFile string, certContent string) ([]string, error) {
	var certBytes []byte
	if path := strings.TrimSpace(certFile); path != "" {
		// Guard against path traversal: only hash certificate files the panel
		// already references in its own configuration (an inbound's TLS
		// certificateFile or the panel's own web cert). The path handed to
		// os.ReadFile comes from that allow-list, never directly from the
		// caller-supplied value.
		known, ok := s.resolveKnownCertFile(path)
		if !ok {
			return nil, common.NewError("certificate file is not referenced by any inbound or panel setting")
		}
		b, err := os.ReadFile(known)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		certBytes = b
	} else if strings.TrimSpace(certContent) != "" {
		certBytes = []byte(certContent)
	} else {
		return nil, common.NewError("no certificate provided")
	}

	var certs []*x509.Certificate
	if bytes.Contains(certBytes, []byte("BEGIN")) {
		rest := certBytes
		for {
			block, remain := pem.Decode(rest)
			if block == nil {
				break
			}
			cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, common.NewError("unable to decode certificate: ", err)
			}
			certs = append(certs, cert)
			rest = remain
		}
	} else {
		parsed, err := x509.ParseCertificates(certBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.NewError("unable to parse certificates: ", err)
		}
		certs = parsed
	}

	if len(certs) == 0 {
		return nil, common.NewError("no certificates found")
	}

	hashes := make([]string, 0, len(certs))
	for _, cert := range certs {
		sum := sha256.Sum256(cert.Raw)
		hashes = append(hashes, hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]))
	}
	return hashes, nil
}

// resolveKnownCertFile checks the caller-supplied certificate path against the
// set of certificate files the panel already references (inbound TLS configs
// plus the panel's own web cert) and, on a match, returns the path taken from
// that configuration — not the caller's value. This both confines reads to
// known certificates and breaks the user-input-to-filesystem taint flow.
func (s *ServerService) resolveKnownCertFile(certFile string) (string, bool) {
	want := filepath.Clean(certFile)
	for _, known := range s.knownCertFiles() {
		if filepath.Clean(known) == want {
			return known, true
		}
	}
	return "", false
}

// knownCertFiles collects every certificate file path the panel legitimately
// references: the certificateFile of each inbound's TLS settings and the
// panel's own web TLS certificate.
func (s *ServerService) knownCertFiles() []string {
	var files []string
	if cert, err := s.settingService.GetCertFile(); err == nil {
		if cert = strings.TrimSpace(cert); cert != "" {
			files = append(files, cert)
		}
	}
	if inbounds, err := s.inboundService.GetAllInbounds(); err == nil {
		for _, inbound := range inbounds {
			files = collectCertFiles(inbound.StreamSettings, files)
		}
	}
	return files
}

// collectCertFiles walks a stream-settings JSON document and appends the value
// of every "certificateFile" field it finds (TLS settings may nest them under
// several keys depending on the security type).
func collectCertFiles(streamSettings string, out []string) []string {
	streamSettings = strings.TrimSpace(streamSettings)
	if streamSettings == "" {
		return out
	}
	var parsed any
	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(streamSettings), &parsed); err != nil {
		return out
	}
	return walkCertFiles(parsed, out)
}

func walkCertFiles(node any, out []string) []string {
	switch v := node.(type) {
	case map[string]any:
		for key, val := range v {
			if key == "certificateFile" {
				if path, ok := val.(string); ok {
					if path = strings.TrimSpace(path); path != "" {
						out = append(out, path)
					}
				}
			}
			out = walkCertFiles(val, out)
		}
	case []any:
		for _, item := range v {
			out = walkCertFiles(item, out)
		}
	}
	return out
}

// GetRemoteCertHash opens a uTLS (Chrome fingerprint) handshake to a remote
// endpoint and returns the hex-encoded SHA-256 of its leaf certificate — the
// value to put in pinnedPeerCertSha256 (pcs) when pinning a server whose
// certificate file you don't hold (a CDN front, a REALITY dest, an external
// proxy). A native handshake replaces the old `xray tls ping` subprocess so the
// real dial/handshake failure (connection refused, timeout, …) surfaces
// verbatim. `server` may be host or host:port; the port defaults to 443.
func (s *ServerService) GetRemoteCertHash(server string) ([]string, error) {
	server = strings.TrimSpace(server)
	if server == "" {
		return nil, common.NewError("no server provided")
	}

	host, port := server, "443"
	if h, p, err := stdnet.SplitHostPort(server); err == nil {
		host, port = h, p
	}

	dialer := stdnet.Dialer{Timeout: 10 * time.Second}
	tcpConn, err := dialer.Dial("tcp", stdnet.JoinHostPort(host, port))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.NewErrorf("failed to dial %s: %s", stdnet.JoinHostPort(host, port), err)
	}
	defer tcpConn.Close()
	_ = tcpConn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(15 * time.Second))

	tlsConn := utls.UClient(tcpConn, &utls.Config{
		ServerName:         host,
		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
		NextProtos:         []string{"h2", "http/1.1"},
	}, utls.HelloChrome_Auto)
	defer tlsConn.Close()
	if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
		return nil, common.NewErrorf("tls handshake with %s failed: %s", host, err)
	}

	certs := tlsConn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates
	if len(certs) == 0 {
		return nil, common.NewError("no certificate returned by ", host)
	}
	// PeerCertificates[0] is always the leaf the connection verifies against —
	// robust for IP-only self-signed certs that carry no DNS SANs.
	sum := sha256.Sum256(certs[0].Raw)
	return []string{hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])}, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewEchCert(sni string) (any, error) {
	// Run the command
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), xray.GetBinaryPath(), "tls", "ech", "--serverName", sni)
	var out bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	err := cmd.Run()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	lines := strings.Split(out.String(), "\n")
	if len(lines) < 4 {
		return nil, common.NewError("invalid ech cert")
	}

	configList := lines[1]
	serverKeys := lines[3]

	return map[string]any{
		"echServerKeys": serverKeys,
		"echConfigList": configList,
	}, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewVlessEnc() (any, error) {
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), xray.GetBinaryPath(), "vlessenc")
	var out bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	auths := parseVlessEncAuths(out.String())
	auths = append(auths, deriveVlessEncModes(auths)...)

	return map[string]any{
		"auths": auths,
	}, nil
}

func deriveVlessEncModes(auths []map[string]string) []map[string]string {
	var extra []map[string]string
	for _, a := range auths {
		for _, mode := range []string{"xorpub", "random"} {
			dec := strings.Replace(a["decryption"], ".native.", "."+mode+".", 1)
			enc := strings.Replace(a["encryption"], ".native.", "."+mode+".", 1)
			if dec == a["decryption"] && enc == a["encryption"] {
				continue
			}
			extra = append(extra, map[string]string{
				"id":         a["id"] + "_" + mode,
				"label":      a["label"] + " (" + mode + ")",
				"decryption": dec,
				"encryption": enc,
			})
		}
	}
	return extra
}

func parseVlessEncAuths(output string) []map[string]string {
	lines := strings.Split(output, "\n")
	var auths []map[string]string
	var current map[string]string

	for _, line := range lines {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "Authentication:") {
			if current != nil {
				auths = append(auths, current)
			}
			label := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "Authentication:"))
			current = map[string]string{
				"id":    vlessEncAuthID(label),
				"label": label,
			}
		} else if strings.HasPrefix(line, `"decryption"`) || strings.HasPrefix(line, `"encryption"`) {
			parts := strings.SplitN(line, ":", 2)
			if len(parts) == 2 && current != nil {
				key := strings.Trim(parts[0], `" `)
				val := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
				val = strings.TrimSuffix(val, ",")
				val = strings.Trim(val, `" `)
				current[key] = val
			}
		}
	}

	if current != nil {
		auths = append(auths, current)
	}

	return auths
}

func vlessEncAuthID(label string) string {
	normalized := strings.NewReplacer("-", "", "_", "", " ", "").Replace(strings.ToLower(label))
	switch {
	case strings.Contains(normalized, "mlkem768"):
		return "mlkem768"
	case strings.Contains(normalized, "x25519"):
		return "x25519"
	default:
		return normalized
	}
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewUUID() (*NewUUIDResponse, error) {
	newUUID, err := uuid.NewRandom()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate UUID: %w", err)
	}

	return &NewUUIDResponse{
		UUID: newUUID.String(),
	}, nil
}

func (s *ServerService) GetNewmlkem768() (*MLKEM768Response, error) {
	// Run the command
	cmd := exec.CommandContext(context.Background(), xray.GetBinaryPath(), "mlkem768")
	var out bytes.Buffer
	cmd.Stdout = &out
	err := cmd.Run()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	seed, client, err := parseXrayKeyPairOutput(out.String())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	keyPair := &MLKEM768Response{
		Seed:   seed,
		Client: client,
	}

	return keyPair, nil
}