12 жил өмнө · c5c5eb78d5
--- a/avram.lsm.in
+++ b/avram.lsm.in
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ The package includes a toy compiler for a simple lisp-like language
 
				 as a proof of concept.
			
 
				 @configure_input@
			
 
				 Keywords:	[virtual machine functional programming interpreter]
			
 
				-Author: 	[email protected] (Dennis Furey)
			
 
				-Maintained-by:	[email protected] (Dennis Furey)
			
 
				+Author: 	[email protected] (Dennis Furey)
			
 
				+Maintained-by:	[email protected] (Dennis Furey)
			
 
				 Primary-site:	http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram
			
 
				 		1.8M avram-@[email protected]
			
 
				 		1449  avram.lsm
			
--- a/avram.spec.in
+++ b/avram.spec.in
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Name:		%{name}
 
				 Version:	%{version}
			
 
				 Release:	%{release}
			
 
				 Vendor:		Dennis Furey 
			
 
				-Packager:	Dennis Furey [email protected]
			
 
				+Packager:	Dennis Furey [email protected]
			
 
				 URL:		http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram
			
 
				 Source:         %{name}-%{version}.tar.gz
			
 
				 #Patch:		
			
--- a/configure.in
+++ b/configure.in
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 
				 dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
			
 
				 
			
 
				-AC_INIT(avram,0.11.0,[email protected])
			
 
				+AC_INIT(avram,0.13.0,[email protected])
			
 
				 dnl Every other copy of the package version number gets its value from here
			
 
				 AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(avram, 0.13.0)
			
 
				 AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h)
			
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ AM_PATH_LIBGCRYPT(
 
				 dnl allow for a non-root installation
			
 
				 LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L$HOME/lib"
			
 
				 CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I$HOME/include"
			
 
				+CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I/usr/local/include"
			
 
				+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/usr/local/lib $LIBLTDL"
			
 
				 dnl LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L$HOME/lib $LIBLTDL"
			
 
				 dnl CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I$HOME/include $LTDLINCL"
			
 
				 
			
--- a/doc/avram.html/A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html
+++ b/doc/avram.html/A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html
@@ -1,38 +1,66 @@
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.1 A Hierarchy of Sets</h5>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.1 A Hierarchy of Sets</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>As indicated already, the virtual machine represents all functions and
			
 
				 data as members of a set satisfying the properties in <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a>,
			
@@ -42,30 +70,56 @@ distinguish the results of computations that go wrong for exceptional
 
				 reasons from normal results. Because any tree in the set could conceivably
			
 
				 represent a normal result, we need to go outside the set to find an
			
 
				 unambiguous representation of exceptional results.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Because there may be many possible exceptional conditions, it will be helpful
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Because there may be many possible exceptional conditions, it will be helpful
			
 
				 to have a large set of possible ways to encode them, and in fact there
			
 
				 is no need to refrain from choosing a countably infinite
			
 
				 set. Furthermore, it will be useful to distinguish between different
			
 
				 levels of severity among exceptional conditions, so for this purpose a
			
 
				 countably infinite hierarchy of mutually disjoint sets is used.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>In order to build on the theory already developed, the set that has been
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In order to build on the theory already developed, the set that has been
			
 
				 used up to this point will form the bottom level of the hierarchy, and
			
 
				 its members will represent normal computational results. The members of
			
 
				 sets on the higher levels in the hierarchy represent exceptional
			
 
				 results. To avoid ambiguity, the term &ldquo;trees&rdquo; is reserved for members
			
 
				-<a name="index-trees-349"></a>of the bottom set, as in &ldquo;for any tree <var>x</var> <small class="dots">...</small>&rdquo;. 
			
 
				-Unless otherwise stated, variables like <var>x</var> and
			
 
				-<var>y</var> are universally quantified over the bottom set only. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-universal-quantification-350"></a>
			
 
				-Because each set in the hierarchy is countably infinite, it is
			
 
				+<a name="index-trees-3"></a>
			
 
				+of the bottom set, as in &ldquo;for any tree <code><var>x</var></code> &hellip;&rdquo;.
			
 
				+Unless otherwise stated, variables like <code><var>x</var></code> and
			
 
				+<code><var>y</var></code> are universally quantified over the bottom set only.
			
 
				+<a name="index-universal-quantification-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Because each set in the hierarchy is countably infinite, it is
			
 
				 isomorphic to the bottom set. With respect to an arbitrary but fixed
			
 
				-bijection between them, let <var>x</var><code>_</code><var>n</var> denote the image in
			
 
				-the <var>n</var>th level set of a tree <var>x</var> in the bottom
			
 
				+bijection between them, let <code><var>x</var>_<var>n</var></code> denote the image in
			
 
				+the <code><var>n</var></code>th level set of a tree <code><var>x</var></code> in the bottom
			
 
				 set. The level numbers in this notation start with zero, and we take
			
 
				-<var>x</var><code>_0</code> to be synonymous with <var>x</var>. For good measure,
			
 
				-let <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>_</code><var>n</var><code>)_</code><var>m</var> = <var>x</var><code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+</code><var>m</var><code>)</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var>_0</code> to be synonymous with <code><var>x</var></code>. For good measure,
			
 
				+let <code>(<var>x</var>_<var>n</var>)_<var>m</var></code> = <code><var>x</var>_(<var>n</var>+<var>m</var>)</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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--- a/doc/avram.html/A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html
+++ b/doc/avram.html/A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html
@@ -1,72 +1,118 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.3 A Minimal Set of Properties</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.3 A Minimal Set of Properties</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>For any trees <var>x</var>, <var>y</var>, and <var>k</var>, and any non-<code>nil</code>
			
 
				-trees <var>p</var>, <var>f</var>, and <var>g</var>, the new invisible operator satisfies these
			
 
				+<p>For any trees <code><var>x</var></code>, <code><var>y</var></code>, and <code><var>k</var></code>, and any non-<code>nil</code>
			
 
				+trees <code><var>p</var></code>, <code><var>f</var></code>, and <code><var>g</var></code>, the new invisible operator satisfies these
			
 
				 conditions. In these expressions and hereafter, increasing abuse of
			
 
				 notation is perpetrated by not writing the <code>cons</code> in expressions of the form
			
 
				-<code>cons(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P0</em><dd><code>(nil,(nil,nil)) </code><var>x</var> = <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P1</em><dd><code>(nil,((nil,nil),nil)) (</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P2</em><dd><code>(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))) (</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <var>y</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P3</em><dd><code>((nil,</code><var>k</var><code>),nil) </code><var>x</var> = <var>k</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P4</em><dd><code>(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil) (</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>x</var><code>)</code> = <var>f</var><code> (</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P5</em><dd><code>((</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>),nil) </code><var>x</var> = <var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P6</em><dd><code>((</code><var>f</var><code>,nil),</code><var>g</var><code>) </code><var>x</var> = <code>(</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>,</code><var>g</var> <var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P7</em><dd><code>((</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>),</code><var>g</var><code>) </code><var>x</var> = <var>f</var> <var>x</var> if
			
 
				-<var>p</var> <var>x</var>  is a non-<code>nil</code> tree,
			
 
				-but <var>g</var> <var>x</var> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+<code>cons(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P0</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>(nil,(nil,nil)) <var>x</var></code> = <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P1</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>(nil,((nil,nil),nil)) (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P2</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))) (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code><var>y</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P3</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>((nil,<var>k</var>),nil) <var>x</var></code> = <code><var>k</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P4</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil) (<var>f</var>,<var>x</var>)</code> = <code><var>f</var> (<var>f</var>,<var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P5</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>((<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>),nil) <var>x</var></code> = <code><var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P6</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>((<var>f</var>,nil),<var>g</var>) <var>x</var></code> = <code>(<var>f</var> <var>x</var>,<var>g</var> <var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P7</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>((<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>),<var>g</var>) <var>x</var></code> = <code><var>f</var> <var>x</var></code> if
			
 
				+<code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code>  is a non-<code>nil</code> tree,
			
 
				+but <code><var>g</var> <var>x</var></code> if <code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-properties-246"></a><a name="index-operator-properties-247"></a>Although other properties remain to be described, it is worth pausing at
			
 
				+<a name="index-properties"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-operator-properties"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Although other properties remain to be described, it is worth pausing at
			
 
				 this point because there is ample food for thought in the ones already
			
 
				 given. An obvious question would be that of their origin. The short
			
 
				 answer is that they have been chosen arbitrarily to be true by
			
 
				 definition of the operator. At best, the completion of the construction
			
 
				 may lead to a more satisfactory answer based on aesthetic or engineering
			
 
				 grounds.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A more important question would be that of the relevance of the mystery
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A more important question would be that of the relevance of the mystery
			
 
				 operator and its properties to the stated purpose of this section, which
			
 
				 is to specify the virtual machine code semantics. The answer lies in
			
 
				-that the operator induces a function for any given tree <var>t</var>,
			
 
				+that the operator induces a function for any given tree <code><var>t</var></code>,
			
 
				 such that the value returned by the function when given an argument
			
 
				-<var>x</var> is <var>t</var> <var>x</var>. This function is the one that is
			
 
				+<var>x</var> is <code><var>t</var> <var>x</var></code>. This function is the one that is
			
 
				 implemented by the virtual code <var>t</var>, which is to say the way an
			
 
				 application will behave if we put <var>t</var> in its virtual code file. An
			
 
				 equivalent way of looking at the situation is that the virtual machine
			
@@ -75,8 +121,12 @@ the virtual code file as its left operand and the input data as the
 
				 right operand. By knowing what the operator will do with a given pair of
			
 
				 operands, we know what to put into the virtual code file to get the
			
 
				 function we want.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-universality-248"></a><a name="index-Turing-equivalence-249"></a><a name="index-exceptions-250"></a><a name="index-lists-251"></a>It is worthwhile to note that properties <em>P0</em> to <em>P7</em> are
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-universality"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-Turing-equivalence"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-exceptions-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-lists-4"></a>
			
 
				+<p>It is worthwhile to note that properties <em>P0</em> to <em>P7</em> are
			
 
				 sufficient for universality in the sense of Turing equivalence. That
			
 
				 means that any computable function could be implemented by the suitable
			
 
				 choice of a tree <var>t</var> without recourse to any other properties of the
			
@@ -87,6 +137,30 @@ the specifications already given. However, such an implementation would
 
				 not take advantage of the features for list processing, exception
			
 
				 handling, or profiling that are also built into the virtual
			
 
				 machine and have yet to be described.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
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--- a/doc/avram.html/A-New-Operator.html
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@@ -1,38 +1,66 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.1 A New Operator</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="A-New-Operator-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.1 A New Operator</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>With regard to a set of trees as described in <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a>, we can define
			
 
				 a new binary operator. Unlike the <code>cons</code> operator, this one is not
			
@@ -40,14 +68,23 @@ required to associate an element of the set with every possible pair
 
				 of elements. For very many pairs of operands we will have nothing to
			
 
				 say about its result. In fact, we require nothing of it beyond
			
 
				 a few simple properties to be described presently.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Because this is the only other operator than <code>cons</code>, there is no
			
 
				+<a name="index-cons-1"></a>
			
 
				+need to have a special notation for it, so it will be denoted by empty
			
 
				+space. The tree associated by the operator with a pair of trees <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+and <code><var>y</var></code>, if any, will be expressed in the infix notation
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var> <var>y</var></code>. For convenience, the operator is regarded as
			
 
				+being right associative, so that <code><var>a</var> <var>b</var> <var>c</var></code> can be
			
 
				+written for <code><var>a</var> (<var>b</var> <var>c</var>)</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
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				+  This document was generated on <i>November 8, 2012</i> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><i>texi2html 1.82</i></a>.
			
 
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				+ <br>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Because this is the only other operator than <code>cons</code>, there is no
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcons_007d-240"></a>need to have a special notation for it, so it will be denoted by empty
			
 
				-space. The tree associated by the operator with a pair of trees <var>x</var>
			
 
				-and <var>y</var>, if any, will be expressed in the infix notation
			
 
				-<var>x</var> <var>y</var>. For convenience, the operator is regarded as
			
 
				-being right associative, so that <var>a</var> <var>b</var> <var>c</var> can be
			
 
				-written for <var>a</var><code> (</code><var>b</var> <var>c</var><code>)</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
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@@ -1,40 +1,69 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.4 A Simple Lisp Like Language</h4>
			
 
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				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsilly_007d-252"></a>With a universal computational model already at our disposal, it will be
			
 
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				+<a name="A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.4 A Simple Lisp Like Language</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-silly"></a>
			
 
				+<p>With a universal computational model already at our disposal, it will be
			
 
				 easier to use the virtual machine to specify itself than to define all
			
 
				 of it from scratch. For this purpose, we use the <code>silly</code>
			
 
				 programming language, whose name is an acronym for SImple Lisp-like
			
@@ -42,23 +71,24 @@ Language (Yeah right). The language serves essentially as a thin layer
 
				 of symbolic names on top of the virtual machine code. Due to its poor
			
 
				 support for modularity and abstraction, <code>silly</code> is not recommended
			
 
				 for serious application development, but at least it has a shallow
			
 
				-learning curve.<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-1" name="fnd-1"><sup>1</sup></a>
			
 
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				-   <div class="footnote">
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-<h4>Footnotes</h4><p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-1" href="#fnd-1">1</a>]</small> Previous releases of <code>avram</code> included a
			
 
				-working <code>silly</code> compiler, but this has now been superseded
			
 
				-by the Ursala programming language. Ursala includes <code>silly</code> as a subset
			
 
				-for the most part, and the examples in this manual should compile and
			
 
				-execute with very little modification.</p>
			
 
				+learning curve.<a name="DOCF1" href="avram_fot.html#FOOT1">(1)</a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Syntax.html#Syntax">2.7.4.1 Syntax</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Semantics.html#Semantics">2.7.4.2 Semantics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                   
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">2.7.4.3 Standard Library</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">            
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.4.4 Additional <code>glpk</code> notes</h4>
			
 
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				-<p>A sparse matrix representation of <var>m</var> is used because in practice
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Copying.html#Copying" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
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				+<a name="Additional-glpk-notes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">D.4.4 Additional <code>glpk</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Only the constraint of non-negativity is admitted.  Other
			
 
				-<a name="index-constraints-717"></a>constraints such as upper bounds must be effected through a change of
			
 
				+<p>A sparse matrix representation of <var>m</var> is used because in practice
			
 
				+<a name="index-sparse-matrix-1"></a>
			
 
				+most linear programming problems have very sparse systems of equations.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Only the constraint of non-negativity is admitted.  Other
			
 
				+<a name="index-constraints"></a>
			
 
				+constraints such as upper bounds must be effected through a change of
			
 
				 variables if required.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>glpk</code> library has a small memory leak, which <code>avram</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>glpk</code> library has a small memory leak, which <code>avram</code>
			
 
				 corrects by methods described in <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.5.4 Additional <code>gsldif</code> notes</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.5.4 Additional <code>gsldif</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The function <var>f</var> may be any expressible virtual machine code
			
 
				 function that takes a real argument to a real result, including one
			
 
				 that uses other library functions. However, if <var>f</var> passes
			
 
				 functions to other library functions as arguments, there is a constant
			
 
				 overhead in stack space for each level, and a remote possibility of a
			
 
				-<a name="index-segmentation-fault-721"></a>segmentation fault if they are very deeply nested.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Numerical instability is an issue for higher derivatives (i.e.,
			
 
				+<a name="index-segmentation-fault-7"></a>
			
 
				+segmentation fault if they are very deeply nested.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Numerical instability is an issue for higher derivatives (i.e.,
			
 
				 differentiating a function that is obtained by differentiating another
			
 
				 function). Some experimentation with larger tolerances may be needed.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.7.4 Additional <code>gslint</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The <code>qagx</code>* functions subsume the GSL variants <code>qags</code>,
			
 
				 <code>qagiu</code>, <code>qagil</code>, and <code>qagi</code> for finite, semi-infinite,
			
 
				 and infinite intervals, which are seleted as appropriate based on the
			
 
				-<a name="index-improper-integrals-733"></a>limits of integration <var>a</var> and <var>b</var>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>qagp</code> function reverts to the <code>qagx</code> function if there
			
 
				+<a name="index-improper-integrals"></a>
			
 
				+limits of integration <var>a</var> and <var>b</var>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>qagp</code> function reverts to the <code>qagx</code> function if there
			
 
				 are only two points given in <var>p</var>. Fewer than two will cause an
			
 
				 error.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The library interface code relies on the standard <code>setjmp</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-setjmp-734"></a>utility found in the system header file <code>setjmp.h</code> to break out
			
 
				-of integrals that don't converge after excessively many function
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The library interface code relies on the standard <code>setjmp</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-setjmp-1"></a>
			
 
				+utility found in the system header file <code>setjmp.h</code> to break out
			
 
				+of integrals that don&rsquo;t converge after excessively many function
			
 
				 evaluations. Non-termination has been an issue in the past with GSL
			
 
				 integration routines for very badly behaved integrands, and the API
			
 
				 provides no documented means for the user supplied integrand function
			
 
				 to request a halt.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Although it is meant to be standard, a host without <code>setjmp</code> will
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Although it is meant to be standard, a host without <code>setjmp</code> will
			
 
				 cause <code>avram</code> to be configured to abort the application with an
			
 
				 error message in the event of non-convergence. This behavior is
			
 
				 considered preferable to the alternative of non-termination. Usually
			
 
				 an effective workaround in such cases is to specify a sufficiently
			
 
				 loose tolerance explicitly by using one of the *<code>_tol</code> library
			
 
				 functions.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.8.4 Additional <code>harminv</code> notes</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Additional-harminv-notes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">D.8.4 Additional <code>harminv</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The <code>harminv</code> library interface requires the <code>harminv</code> and
			
 
				 <code>lapack</code> libraries to be installed on the host system, and also
			
 
				-requires standard complex number support from the system's C library.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The author's installation of <code>avram</code> has been compiled against
			
 
				+requires standard complex number support from the system&rsquo;s C library.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The author&rsquo;s installation of <code>avram</code> has been compiled against
			
 
				 the Debian <code>harminv</code> development library package, which at this
			
 
				 writing is unmaintained and is missing the necessary header file
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">harminv-int.h</span></samp>, without which compilation of files including
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">harminv.h</span></samp> fails. Some headers from <samp><span class="file">harminv.h</span></samp> have been
			
 
				-copied directly into <samp><span class="file">avram-x.x.x/src/harminv.c</span></samp> under the
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>harminv-int.h</tt>&rsquo;, without which compilation of files including
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>harminv.h</tt>&rsquo; fails. Some headers from &lsquo;<tt>harminv.h</tt>&rsquo; have been
			
 
				+copied directly into &lsquo;<tt>avram-x.x.x/src/harminv.c</tt>&rsquo; under the
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> source tree to avoid this dependence, so that
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> will compile correctly on a Debian system. These may need
			
 
				 to be updated if necessary to track the <code>harminv</code> source.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
				+ <font size="-1">
			
 
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--- a/doc/avram.html/Additional-kinsol-notes.html
+++ b/doc/avram.html/Additional-kinsol-notes.html
@@ -1,57 +1,89 @@
 
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				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="kinsol-exceptions.html#kinsol-exceptions">kinsol exceptions</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="kinsol.html#kinsol">kinsol</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">D.9.4 Additional <code>kinsol</code> notes</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="lapack.html#lapack" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="kinsol.html#kinsol" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Copying.html#Copying" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Additional-kinsol-notes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">D.9.4 Additional <code>kinsol</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>When a user supplied Jacobian function <var>j</var> is specified, the
			
 
				-<a name="index-Jacobian-745"></a>solution is likely to be found faster and more accurately. The
			
 
				+<a name="index-Jacobian-1"></a>
			
 
				+solution is likely to be found faster and more accurately. The
			
 
				 Jacobian should be given if an analytical form for <var>f</var> is known,
			
 
				 from which the Jacobian can be obtained easily by partial
			
 
				 differentiation. If the Jacobian is unavailable, a finite difference
			
 
				 method implemented internally by <code>kinsol</code> is used as a substitute
			
 
				 and will usually yield acceptable results.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Tolerances are not explicitly specified on the virtual side of the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Tolerances are not explicitly specified on the virtual side of the
			
 
				 interface although the native <code>kinsol</code> API requires them. A range
			
 
				 of tolerances over ten orders of magnitude is automatically tried
			
 
				 before giving up.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Similarly to the <code>glpk</code> and <code>lpsolve</code> library interfaces
			
 
				-(<a href="glpk.html#glpk">glpk</a> and <a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve">lpsolve</a>), the only expressible constraint through
			
 
				-<a name="index-constraints-746"></a>the virtual code interface is that all variables are
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Similarly to the <code>glpk</code> and <code>lpsolve</code> library interfaces
			
 
				+(<a href="glpk.html#glpk"><code>glpk</code></a> and <a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve"><code>lpsolve</code></a>), the only expressible constraint through
			
 
				+<a name="index-constraints-1"></a>
			
 
				+the virtual code interface is that all variables are
			
 
				 non-negative. Arbitrary upper and lower bounds can be simulated by
			
 
				 appropriate variable substitutions in the formulation of the problem.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>kinsol</code> library natively requires a system function <var>f</var>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>kinsol</code> library natively requires a system function <var>f</var>
			
 
				 with equally many inputs as outputs, and will search only for the
			
 
				 input associated with an output vector of all zeros, but the virtual
			
 
				 code interface relaxes these requirements by allowing a function that
			
@@ -60,17 +92,41 @@ input of <var>f</var> causing it to match any given &ldquo;optimal&rdquo; output
 
				 <var>o</var>. These effects are achieved by padding the shorter of the two
			
 
				 vectors transparently and subtracting the specified optimum from the
			
 
				 result.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>kinsol</code> library can be configured to use single precision,
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>kinsol</code> library can be configured to use single precision,
			
 
				 double precision, or extended precision arithmetic, but only a double
			
 
				 precision configuration is compatible with <code>avram</code>. This
			
 
				 condition is checked when <code>avram</code> is configured and it will not
			
 
				 interface with alternative <code>kinsol</code> configurations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>kinsol</code> library has some more advanced features to which
			
 
				-this interface doesn't do justice, such as preconditioning, scaling,
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>kinsol</code> library has some more advanced features to which
			
 
				+this interface doesn&rsquo;t do justice, such as preconditioning, scaling,
			
 
				 solution of systems with band limited Jacobians, and concurrent
			
 
				 computation.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="kinsol-exceptions.html#kinsol-exceptions" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="lapack.html#lapack" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="kinsol.html#kinsol" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Copying.html#Copying" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
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+++ b/doc/avram.html/Additional-lapack-notes.html
@@ -1,67 +1,128 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.10.3 Additional <code>lapack</code> notes</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.10.3 Additional <code>lapack</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The functions <code>dgesdd</code> and <code>zgesdd</code> are an effective
			
 
				 dimensionality reduction technique for a large database of time
			
 
				-<a name="index-dimensionality-reduction-760"></a>series.  A set of basis vectors can be computed once for the database,
			
 
				+<a name="index-dimensionality-reduction"></a>
			
 
				+series.  A set of basis vectors can be computed once for the database,
			
 
				 and then any time series in the database can be expressed as a linear
			
 
				 combination thereof. To the extent that the data embody any redundant
			
 
				 information, an approximate reconstruction of an individual series
			
 
				 from the database will require fewer coefficients (maybe far fewer) in
			
 
				 terms of the basis than original length of the series.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The library functions <code>dgelsd</code> and <code>zgelsd</code> are good for
			
 
				-<a name="index-least-squares-761"></a>finding least squares fits to empirical data. If the matrix parameter
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The library functions <code>dgelsd</code> and <code>zgelsd</code> are good for
			
 
				+<a name="index-least-squares-2"></a>
			
 
				+finding least squares fits to empirical data. If the matrix parameter
			
 
				 <var>a</var> is interpreted as a list of inputs and the vector parameter
			
 
				 <var>b</var> as the list of corresponding output data from some unknown
			
 
				 linear function of <var>n</var> variables <var>f</var>, then <var>x</var> is the list
			
 
				 of coefficients whereby <var>f</var> achieves the optimum fit to the data
			
 
				 in the least squares sense.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>These functions solve a special case of the problem solved by
			
 
				-<a name="index-generalized-least-squares-762"></a><a name="index-least-squares-763"></a><code>dggglm</code> and <code>zggglm</code> where the parameter <var>B</var> is the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>These functions solve a special case of the problem solved by
			
 
				+<a name="index-generalized-least-squares-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-least-squares-3"></a>
			
 
				+<code>dggglm</code> and <code>zggglm</code> where the parameter <var>B</var> is the
			
 
				 identity matrix. For the latter functions, the output vector <var>y</var>
			
 
				 can be interpreted as a measure of the error, and <var>B</var> can be
			
 
				 chosen to express unequal costs for errors at different points in
			
 
				 the fitted function.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Cholesky decompositions obtained by <code>dpptrf</code> and <code>zpptrf</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-Cholesky-decomposition-764"></a>are useful for generating correlated random numbers. A population of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Cholesky decompositions obtained by <code>dpptrf</code> and <code>zpptrf</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-Cholesky-decomposition-1"></a>
			
 
				+are useful for generating correlated random numbers. A population of
			
 
				 vectors of uncorrelated standard normally distributed random numbers
			
 
				 can be made to exhibit any correlations to order by multiplying all of
			
 
				-<a name="index-correlation-765"></a>the vectors by the lower Cholesky factor of the desired covariance
			
 
				-<a name="index-covariance-matrix-766"></a>matrix.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<a name="index-correlation"></a>
			
 
				+the vectors by the lower Cholesky factor of the desired covariance
			
 
				+<a name="index-covariance-matrix-1"></a>
			
 
				+matrix.
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.11.5 Additional <code>math</code> library notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Floating point exceptions such as division by zero are not
			
 
				 specifically reported as exceptions, but invalid computations can be
			
 
				-<a name="index-nan-777"></a>detected by the propagation of <code>nan</code> into the result, following
			
 
				+<a name="index-nan"></a>
			
 
				+detected by the propagation of <code>nan</code> into the result, following
			
 
				 standard conventions.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The C function <code>feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT)</code> is called before
			
 
				-<a name="index-feclearexcept-778"></a>every floating point operation so that no lingering exception flags
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The C function <code>feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT)</code> is called before
			
 
				+<a name="index-feclearexcept"></a>
			
 
				+every floating point operation so that no lingering exception flags
			
 
				 can affect it.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>There is no library predicate for exact comparison of floating point
			
 
				-numbers, but none is required because the virtual machine's
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>There is no library predicate for exact comparison of floating point
			
 
				+numbers, but none is required because the virtual machine&rsquo;s
			
 
				 <code>compare</code> combinator will work on their representations as it
			
 
				-<a name="index-compare-combinator-779"></a>will on any other data. The usual caveats apply with regard to
			
 
				+<a name="index-compare-combinator"></a>
			
 
				+will on any other data. The usual caveats apply with regard to
			
 
				 comparing floating point numbers in the presence of roundoff error.
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Additional-minpack-notes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">D.13.3 Additional <code>minpack</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The <code>lm</code>* functions are better suited to problems in which the
			
 
				 system function <var>f</var> has more outputs than inputs, and the
			
 
				 <code>hybr</code>* functions are better suited to the alternative. If either
			
 
				 is called when the other is more appropriate, the job is handed off to
			
 
				 the other automatically.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>lmstr</code> function is more memory efficient than the others
			
 
				-because it doesn't compute the whole Jacobian matrix at once. Any
			
 
				-<a name="index-Jacobian-787"></a>of the <code>lm</code>* functions is more memory efficient than
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>lmstr</code> function is more memory efficient than the others
			
 
				+because it doesn&rsquo;t compute the whole Jacobian matrix at once. Any
			
 
				+<a name="index-Jacobian-3"></a>
			
 
				+of the <code>lm</code>* functions is more memory efficient than
			
 
				 the <code>kinsol</code> equivalent when the output list is sufficiently
			
 
				 longer than the input list.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Unlike <code>kinsol</code>, there is no provision in <code>minpack</code> for
			
 
				-<a name="index-constrained-optimization-788"></a>constrained optimization.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>minpack</code> documentation doesn't state whether it's
			
 
				-<a name="index-re_002dentrancy-789"></a>re-entrant, but the odds are against it unless it uses no storage
			
 
				-outside the user provided work areas. If it isn't re-entrant,
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Unlike <code>kinsol</code>, there is no provision in <code>minpack</code> for
			
 
				+<a name="index-constrained-optimization"></a>
			
 
				+constrained optimization.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>minpack</code> documentation doesn&rsquo;t state whether it&rsquo;s
			
 
				+<a name="index-re_002dentrancy"></a>
			
 
				+re-entrant, but the odds are against it unless it uses no storage
			
 
				+outside the user provided work areas. If it isn&rsquo;t re-entrant,
			
 
				 anomalous effects could occur when a virtual code function being
			
 
				 optimized calls another <code>minpack</code> function.  A workaround would
			
 
				 be to use an equivalent <code>kinsol</code> function, which is re-entrant by
			
 
				 design.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>avram</code> configuration script searches for a C header file
			
 
				-<a name="index-header-file-790"></a><samp><span class="file">minpack.h</span></samp> on the host system in order to build an interface to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>avram</code> configuration script searches for a C header file
			
 
				+<a name="index-header-file-1"></a>
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>minpack.h</tt>&rsquo; on the host system in order to build an interface to
			
 
				 this library. This file is specific to the Debian <code>minpack-dev</code>
			
 
				 package and is not part of the upstream Fortran source. Configuring
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> with an interface to the <code>minpack</code> library on a
			
 
				-<a name="index-Debian-791"></a>non-Debian system may require the administrator to retrieve the header
			
 
				+<a name="index-Debian-1"></a>
			
 
				+non-Debian system may require the administrator to retrieve the header
			
 
				 file manually from the Debian archive and place it under
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">/usr/include</span></samp> before running the configuration script (in
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>/usr/include</tt>&rsquo; before running the configuration script (in
			
 
				 addition to installing the <code>minpack</code> library itself, of course).
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.14.10 Additional <code>mpfr</code> notes</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Additional-mpfr-notes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">D.14.10 Additional <code>mpfr</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The <code>eq</code> and <code>urandomb</code> functions depend not only on the
			
 
				 <code>mpfr</code> library but on the <code>gmp</code> library
			
 
				-<a name="index-gmp-library-801"></a>(<a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp</a>). It's possible for them to be
			
 
				+<a name="index-gmp-library"></a>
			
 
				+(<a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp</a>). It&rsquo;s possible for them to be
			
 
				 unavailable on a host without <code>gmp</code> even if the rest of the
			
 
				 <code>mpfr</code> library is properly configured.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The file <code>mpfr.c</code> in the <code>avram</code> source tree exports a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The file <code>mpfr.c</code> in the <code>avram</code> source tree exports a
			
 
				 couple of functions that may be of use to C hackers interested in
			
 
				 further development of <code>avram</code> with <code>mpfr</code>. The functions
			
 
				 <code>avm_mpfr_of_list</code> and <code>avm_list_of_mpfr</code> convert between
			
@@ -46,6 +77,14 @@ the native representation for <code>mpfr</code> numbers and the caching list
 
				 representation used by <code>avram</code> (<a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>). This
			
 
				 conversion is non-trivial because the numbers are not stored
			
 
				 contiguously.
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.12.3 Additional <code>mtwist</code> notes</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.12.3 Additional <code>mtwist</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Although the <code>mtwist</code> library is &ldquo;external&rdquo;, it requires no
			
 
				 special configuration on the host because the uniform variate
			
@@ -38,16 +68,16 @@ generator in the form developed by its original authors is short and
 
				 elegant enough to be packaged easily within the <code>avram</code>
			
 
				 distribution. All further embellishments are home grown despite the
			
 
				 advice at the end of <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The <code>u_path</code> function is intended to allow sampling from a large
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>u_path</code> function is intended to allow sampling from a large
			
 
				 population in logarithmic time when it is stored in a balanced tree. A
			
 
				 left-heavy tree should be constructed initially with the data items
			
 
				 all at the same level. Thereafter, a result returned by <code>u_path</code>
			
 
				 with the appropriate dimensions can be used as an index into the tree
			
 
				-for fast retrieval by the virtual machine's <code>field</code> combinator
			
 
				+for fast retrieval by the virtual machine&rsquo;s <code>field</code> combinator
			
 
				 (<a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a>).
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The last three functions, <code>u_enum</code>, <code>w_disc</code>, and
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The last three functions, <code>u_enum</code>, <code>w_disc</code>, and
			
 
				 <code>w_enum</code> use an inversion method with a binary search.  The first
			
 
				 draw from a given list will take a time asymptotically proportional to
			
 
				 the length of the list, but subsequent draws from the same list are
			
@@ -56,13 +86,37 @@ by <code>avram</code>. For lists whose length is up to 2^16, the time
 
				 required for a subsequent draw consists mainly of constant overhead
			
 
				 with a small logarithmic component in the length of the list. For
			
 
				 longer lists, the time ramps up linearly by a small factor.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Information allowing fast draws from up to sixteen lists can be cached
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Information allowing fast draws from up to sixteen lists can be cached
			
 
				 simultaneously. If an application uses more than sixteen, the cached
			
 
				 data are replaced in first-in first-out order. The size of the cache
			
 
				 and the maximum list length for logarithmic time access can be
			
 
				-adjusted easily by redefining constants in <samp><span class="file">mtwist.c</span></samp> under the
			
 
				+adjusted easily by redefining constants in &lsquo;<tt>mtwist.c</tt>&rsquo; under the
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> source tree, but will require recompilation.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.17.4 Additional <code>umf</code> notes</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The C language API to <code>umf</code> provides very many less frequently
			
 
				 used features that are not part of the virtual code interface, some of
			
 
				-which could be added by minor modifications to the file <samp><span class="file">umf.c</span></samp>
			
 
				-in the <code>avram</code> source tree.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A set of <code>dl_</code>* and <code>zl_</code>* functions orthogonal to those
			
 
				+which could be added by minor modifications to the file &lsquo;<tt>umf.c</tt>&rsquo;
			
 
				+in the <code>avram</code> source tree. 
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A set of <code>dl_</code>* and <code>zl_</code>* functions orthogonal to those
			
 
				 presently accessible would enable matrices having billions of rows or
			
 
				 columns by using long integers, but memory requirements on the virtual
			
 
				 code side for problems of that scale are probably prohibitive for the
			
 
				 foreseeable future.
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">1.6.5 Application Programming Errors</h3>
			
 
				 <p>A further class of application crashes results from miscellaneous bugs
			
 
				 in the application. These require the application to be debugged and
			
 
				 have no user level explanation or workaround, but are listed here for
			
 
				 reference. These messages are not normally prefaced by the application
			
 
				 name when reported unless the application elects to do so, except for
			
 
				 the <code>invalid profile identifier</code> message.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>invalid recursion</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-recursion"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid comparison</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-comparison"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid deconstruction</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-deconstruction"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid transpose</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-transpose"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid membership</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-membership"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid distribution</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-distribution"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid concatenation</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-concatenation"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid assignment</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-assignment"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>unrecognized combinator (code <var>nn</var>)</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-unrecognized-combinator"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>application-name</var>: invalid profile identifier</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-profile-identifier"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>unsupported hook</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-unsupported-hook"></a>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>invalid recursion</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-recursion_007d-83"></a><li><code>invalid comparison</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-comparison_007d-84"></a><li><code>invalid deconstruction</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-deconstruction_007d-85"></a><li><code>invalid transpose</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-transpose_007d-86"></a><li><code>invalid membership</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-membership_007d-87"></a><li><code>invalid distribution</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-distribution_007d-88"></a><li><code>invalid concatenation</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-concatenation_007d-89"></a><li><code>invalid assignment</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-assignment_007d-90"></a><li><code>unrecognized combinator (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunrecognized-combinator_007d-91"></a><li><var>application-name</var><code>: invalid profile identifier</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-profile-identifier_007d-92"></a><li><code>unsupported hook</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunsupported-hook_007d-93"></a></ul>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.10 Assignment</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-assignment-303"></a><a name="index-imperative-programming-304"></a>In an imperative programming paradigm, a machine consists partly of an
			
 
				+<a name="index-assignment"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-imperative-programming"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In an imperative programming paradigm, a machine consists partly of an
			
 
				 ensemble of addressable storage locations, whose contents are changed
			
 
				 over time by assignment statements. An assignment statement includes
			
 
				 some computable function of the global machine state, and the address of
			
 
				 the location whose contents will be overwritten with the value computed
			
 
				 from the function when it is evaluated.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Compiling a language containing assignment statements into virtual
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Compiling a language containing assignment statements into virtual
			
 
				 machine code suitable for <code>avram</code> might be facilitated by
			
 
				 exploiting the following property.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P16</em><dd>([[<code>assign</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> = [[<code>replace</code>]] <code>((</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>),</code><var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P16</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>assign</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> = [[<code>replace</code>]] <code>((<var>p</var>,<var>f</var> <var>x</var>),<var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The identifier <code>assign</code> is used in <code>silly</code> to express a
			
 
				+<p>The identifier <code>assign</code> is used in <code>silly</code> to express a
			
 
				 virtual code fragment having the form shown below, and <code>replace</code>
			
 
				-corresponds to a further operation to be explained presently. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bassign_007d-305"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T18</em><dd>[[<code>assign</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code> = <code>(((</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>),nil),nil)</code>
			
 
				+corresponds to a further operation to be explained presently.
			
 
				+<a name="index-assign"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T18</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>assign</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code> = <code>(((<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>),nil),nil)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>This feature simulates assignment statements in the following way.  The
			
 
				-variable <var>x</var> in <em>P16</em> corresponds intuitively to the set
			
 
				-of addressable locations in the machine. The variable <var>f</var>
			
 
				+<p>This feature simulates assignment statements in the following way.  The
			
 
				+variable <code><var>x</var></code> in <em>P16</em> corresponds intuitively to the set
			
 
				+of addressable locations in the machine. The variable <code><var>f</var></code>
			
 
				 corresponds to the function whose value will be stored in the location
			
 
				-addressed by <var>p</var>. The result of a function expressed using
			
 
				-<code>assign</code> is a new store similar to the argument <var>x</var>, but
			
 
				-with the part of it in location <var>p</var> replaced by <var>f</var>
			
 
				-<var>x</var>. A source text with a sequence of assignment statements could
			
 
				+addressed by <code><var>p</var></code>. The result of a function expressed using
			
 
				+<code>assign</code> is a new store similar to the argument <code><var>x</var></code>, but
			
 
				+with the part of it in location <code><var>p</var></code> replaced by <code><var>f</var>
			
 
				+<var>x</var></code>. A source text with a sequence of assignment statements could
			
 
				 therefore be translated directly into a functional composition of trees
			
 
				 in this form.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-storage-locations-306"></a>The way storage locations are modeled in virtual code using this feature
			
 
				-would be as nested pairs, and the address <var>p</var> of a location
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-storage-locations"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The way storage locations are modeled in virtual code using this feature
			
 
				+would be as nested pairs, and the address <code><var>p</var></code> of a location
			
 
				 is a tree interpreted similarly to the trees used as operands to the
			
 
				 <code>field</code> operator described in <a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a>, to specify
			
 
				 deconstructions. In fact, <code>replace</code> can be defined as a minimal
			
 
				-solution to the following equation. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007breplace_007d-307"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>E0</em><dd>([[<code>field</code>]] <var>p</var>) [[<code>replace</code>]] <code>((</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>),</code><var>x</var><code>)</code> = <var>y</var>
			
 
				+solution to the following equation.
			
 
				+<a name="index-replace"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>E0</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) [[<code>replace</code>]] <code>((<var>p</var>,<var>y</var>),<var>x</var>)</code> = <code><var>y</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>This equation regrettably does
			
 
				+<p>This equation regrettably does
			
 
				 not lend itself to inferring the <code>silly</code> source for <code>replace</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bisolate_007d-308"></a>using the <code>isolate</code> algorithm in <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a>, so an explicit
			
 
				+<a name="index-isolate-1"></a>
			
 
				+using the <code>isolate</code> algorithm in <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a>, so an explicit
			
 
				 construction is given in <a href="Replace.html#Replace">Replace</a>. This construction need not concern a
			
 
				 reader who considers the equation a sufficiently precise specification
			
 
				 in itself.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>In view of the way addresses for deconstruction are represented as
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In view of the way addresses for deconstruction are represented as
			
 
				 trees, it would be entirely correct to infer from this equation that a
			
 
				 tuple of values computed together can be assigned to a tuple of
			
 
				-locations. The locations don't even have to be &ldquo;contiguous&rdquo;, but could
			
 
				+locations. The locations don&rsquo;t even have to be &ldquo;contiguous&rdquo;, but could
			
 
				 be anywhere in the tree representing the store, and the function is
			
 
				 computed from the contents of all of them prior to the update. Hence,
			
 
				 this simulation of assignment fails to capture the full inconvenience of
			
 
				 imperative programming except in the special case of a single value
			
 
				 assigned to a single location, but fortunately this case is the only one
			
 
				 most languages allow.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>There is another benefit to this feature besides running languages with
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>There is another benefit to this feature besides running languages with
			
 
				 assignment statements in them, which is the support of abstract or
			
 
				 opaque data structures. A function that takes an abstract data structure
			
 
				 as an argument and returns something of the same type can be coded in a
			
 
				-way that is independent of the fields it doesn't use. For example, a
			
 
				+way that is independent of the fields it doesn&rsquo;t use. For example, a
			
 
				 data structure with three fields having the field identifiers
			
 
				 <code>foo</code>, <code>bar</code>, and <code>baz</code> in some source language might be
			
 
				-represented as a tuple <code>((</code><var>foo contents</var><code>,</code><var>bar
			
 
				-contents</var><code>),</code><var>baz contents</var><code>)</code> on the virtual code level. Compile time
			
 
				+represented as a tuple <code>((<var>foo contents</var>,<var>bar
			
 
				+contents</var>),<var>baz contents</var>)</code> on the virtual code level. Compile time
			
 
				 constants like <code>bar = ((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)</code> could be defined in an
			
 
				 effort to hide the details of the representation, so that the virtual
			
 
				-code <code>field bar</code> is used instead of <code>compose(right,left)</code>. 
			
 
				+code <code>field bar</code> is used instead of <code>compose(right,left)</code>.
			
 
				 Using field identifiers appropriately, a function that transforms such a
			
 
				 structure by operating on the <code>bar</code> field could have the virtual
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-309"></a>code <code>couple(couple(field foo,compose(f,field bar)),field
			
 
				+<a name="index-field-1"></a>
			
 
				+code <code>couple(couple(field foo,compose(f,field bar)),field
			
 
				 baz)</code>. However, this code does not avoid depending on the representation
			
 
				 of the data structure, because it relies on the assumption of the <code>foo</code>
			
 
				 field being on the left of the left, and the <code>baz</code> field being on
			
@@ -120,6 +161,30 @@ bar))</code> does the same job without depending on anything but the position
 
				 of the <code>bar</code> field. Furthermore, if this position were to change
			
 
				 relative to the others, the code maintenance would be limited to a
			
 
				 recompilation.
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.1.1 Bessel function calling conventions</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-bessel-functions-709"></a>The virtual code interface simplifies the gsl C language API by
			
 
				+<a name="index-bessel-functions"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The virtual code interface simplifies the gsl C language API by
			
 
				 excluding the facilities for error estimates, omitting certain array
			
 
				 valued functions, and subsuming sets of related functions
			
 
				 within common ones where possible.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The functions with names in the following group take an argument of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The functions with names in the following group take an argument of
			
 
				 the form <code>(n,x)</code>, where <code>n</code> identifies the member of the
			
 
				 function family, and <code>x</code> is the argument to the function.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>J</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>J</code>
			
 
				 regular cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>Y</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>Y</code>
			
 
				 irregular cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>I</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>I</code>
			
 
				 regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>K</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>K</code>
			
 
				 irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>For these functions, <code>n</code> can be either a natural number encoded
			
 
				+<p>For these functions, <code>n</code> can be either a natural number encoded
			
 
				 as in <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a>, or a floating
			
 
				-point number encoded as in <a href="math.html#math">math</a>. The latter case specifies
			
 
				+point number encoded as in <a href="math.html#math"><code>math</code></a>. The latter case specifies
			
 
				 functions of a fractional order. The relevant gsl function is called
			
 
				 based on the value and type of the parameter.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Two further related families of functions follow the same calling
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Two further related families of functions follow the same calling
			
 
				 convention.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>Isc</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>Isc</code>
			
 
				 scaled regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>Ksc</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>Ksc</code>
			
 
				 scaled irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The foregoing functions are related to those above by an exponential scale
			
 
				+<p>The foregoing functions are related to those above by an exponential scale
			
 
				 factor as documented in the gsl reference manual.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Functions with names in the following group also take an argument of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Functions with names in the following group also take an argument of
			
 
				 the form <code>(n,x)</code>, but are not defined for fractional orders and
			
 
				 so require a natural number for <code>n</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>j</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>j</code>
			
 
				 regular spherical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>y</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>y</code>
			
 
				 irregular spherical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>isc</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>isc</code>
			
 
				 regular modified spherical Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><code>ksc</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>ksc</code>
			
 
				 irregular modified spherical Bessel functions
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>The functions in the remaining group follow idiosyncratic calling
			
 
				+<p>The functions in the remaining group follow idiosyncratic calling
			
 
				 conventions.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>zJ0</code>, <code>zJ1</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>zJ0</code>, <code>zJ1</code>
			
 
				 These take a natural number <code>n</code> and return the <code>n</code>th root of
			
 
				 the regular cylindrical Bessel functions of order 0 or 1,
			
 
				-respectively. 
			
 
				-<li><code>zJnu</code>
			
 
				+respectively.
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>zJnu</code>
			
 
				 This takes a pair <code>(nu,n)</code> where <code>nu</code> is the (fractional)
			
 
				 order of a regular cylindrical Bessel function, <code>n</code> is a natural
			
 
				-number. It returns the <code>n</code>th zero of the function. 
			
 
				-<li><code>lnKnu</code>
			
 
				+number. It returns the <code>n</code>th zero of the function.
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>lnKnu</code>
			
 
				 This takes a pair of floating point numbers <code>(nu,x)</code> where
			
 
				 <code>nu</code> is the (fractional) order of an irregular modified
			
 
				 cylindrical Bessel and <code>x</code> is the argument to the function,
			
 
				-and it returns the natural log of the function. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+and it returns the natural log of the function.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">D.1.2 Bessel function errors</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">D.1.2 Bessel function errors</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Memory overflows and unrecognized function names can happen as with
			
 
				 other library interfaces. A message of
			
 
				-<a name="index-bad-bessel-function-call-710"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     &lt;'bad bessel function call'&gt;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">means that invalid input parameters were given, such as a fractional
			
 
				-order to a function family that is defined only for natural orders.
			
 
				+<a name="index-bad-bessel-function-call"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">&lt;'bad bessel function call'&gt;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				+<p>means that invalid input parameters were given, such as a fractional
			
 
				+order to a function family that is defined only for natural orders.
			
 
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				 <p>The conversion from trees to bit strings might have been done in several
			
 
				-<a name="index-trees-148"></a>ways, perhaps the most obvious being based on a preorder traversal with
			
 
				+<a name="index-trees-1"></a>
			
 
				+ways, perhaps the most obvious being based on a preorder traversal with
			
 
				 each vertex printed as it is traversed.  By this method, the entire
			
 
				 encoding of the left descendent would precede that of the right in the
			
 
				 bit string. This alternative is therefore rejected because it imposes
			
 
				 unnecessary serialization on communication.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>It is preferable for the encodings of both descendents of a tree to be
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>It is preferable for the encodings of both descendents of a tree to be
			
 
				 interleaved to allow concurrent transmission. Although there is
			
 
				 presently no distributed implementation of the virtual machine and hence
			
 
				-<a name="index-distributed-implementation-149"></a>none that takes advantage of this possibility, it is better to plan
			
 
				+<a name="index-distributed-implementation"></a>
			
 
				+none that takes advantage of this possibility, it is better to plan
			
 
				 ahead than to be faced with backward compatibility problems later.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The preferred algorithm for encoding a tree as a bit string employs a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The preferred algorithm for encoding a tree as a bit string employs a
			
 
				 queue. The queue contains trees and allows them to be processed in a
			
 
				-<a name="index-queues-150"></a>first-in first-out order. Intuitively, the algorithm works by traversing
			
 
				-<a name="index-printing-algorithm-151"></a>the tree in level order. To print a tree <code>T</code> as a string of
			
 
				+<a name="index-queues"></a>
			
 
				+first-in first-out order. Intuitively, the algorithm works by traversing
			
 
				+<a name="index-printing-algorithm"></a>
			
 
				+the tree in level order. To print a tree <code>T</code> as a string of
			
 
				 <code>1</code>s and <code>0</code>s, it performs the following steps.
			
 
				-<pre class="display">     
			
 
				-     Initialize the queue to contain only <code>T</code>
			
 
				-     while the queue is not empty do
			
 
				-        if the front element of the queue is <code>nil</code> then
			
 
				-           print <code>0</code>
			
 
				-        else if the front element of the queue is of the form <code>cons(x,y)</code> then
			
 
				-           print <code>1</code>
			
 
				-           append <code>x</code> to the back of the queue
			
 
				-           append <code>y</code> to the back of the queue
			
 
				-        end if
			
 
				-        remove the front element of the queue
			
 
				-     end while
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>This algorithm presupposes that any given tree
			
 
				-<a name="index-deconstruction-152"></a><code>cons(x,y)</code> can be &ldquo;deconstructed&rdquo; to obtain <code>x</code> and
			
 
				+</p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display">
			
 
				+Initialize the queue to contain only <code>T</code>
			
 
				+while the queue is not empty do
			
 
				+   if the front element of the queue is <code>nil</code> then
			
 
				+      print <code>0</code>
			
 
				+   else if the front element of the queue is of the form <code>cons(x,y)</code> then
			
 
				+      print <code>1</code>
			
 
				+      append <code>x</code> to the back of the queue
			
 
				+      append <code>y</code> to the back of the queue
			
 
				+   end if
			
 
				+   remove the front element of the queue
			
 
				+end while
			
 
				+
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>This algorithm presupposes that any given tree
			
 
				+<a name="index-deconstruction"></a>
			
 
				+<code>cons(x,y)</code> can be &ldquo;deconstructed&rdquo; to obtain <code>x</code> and
			
 
				 <code>y</code>. The computability of such an operation is assured in theory by
			
 
				 the uniqueness property of the <code>cons</code> operator, regardless of the
			
 
				 representation chosen. If the trees are implemented with pointers in the
			
 
				 obvious way, their deconstruction is a trivial constant time operation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>As an example, running the following tree through the above algorithm
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>As an example, running the following tree through the above algorithm
			
 
				 results in the bit string <code>111111101011110010001001100010100010100100100</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+cons(
			
 
				+   cons(
			
 
				+      cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,nil))),
			
 
				+      cons(nil,cons(nil,nil))),
			
 
				+   cons(
			
 
				+      cons(
			
 
				+         cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,nil)))),
			
 
				+         cons(nil,nil)),
			
 
				+      cons(
			
 
				+         cons(
			
 
				+            cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(cons(nil,cons(nil,nil)),nil))),
			
 
				+            cons(nil,nil)),
			
 
				+         nil)))
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     
			
 
				-     cons(
			
 
				-        cons(
			
 
				-           cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,nil))),
			
 
				-           cons(nil,cons(nil,nil))),
			
 
				-        cons(
			
 
				-           cons(
			
 
				-              cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(nil,nil)))),
			
 
				-              cons(nil,nil)),
			
 
				-           cons(
			
 
				-              cons(
			
 
				-                 cons(nil,cons(nil,cons(cons(nil,cons(nil,nil)),nil))),
			
 
				-                 cons(nil,nil)),
			
 
				-              nil)))
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.2.2 Blocking</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">2.2.2 Blocking</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>After the bit string is obtained as described above, it is grouped into
			
 
				 blocks of six. Continuing with the example, the string
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">111111101011110010001001100010100010100100100
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     111111101011110010001001100010100010100100100
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">would be grouped as
			
 
				+<p>would be grouped as
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">111111 101011 110010 001001 100010 100010 100100 100
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     111111 101011 110010 001001 100010 100010 100100 100
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">Because the number of bits isn't a multiple of six, the last group has to
			
 
				+<p>Because the number of bits isn&rsquo;t a multiple of six, the last group has to
			
 
				 be padded with zeros, to give
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">111111 101011 110010 001001 100010 100010 100100 100000
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     111111 101011 110010 001001 100010 100010 100100 100000
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">Each of these six bit substrings is then treated as a binary number,
			
 
				+<p>Each of these six bit substrings is then treated as a binary number,
			
 
				 with the most significant bit on the left. The numbers expressed in
			
 
				 decimal are
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">63 43 50 9 34 34 36 32
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     63 43 50 9 34 34 36 32
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent"><a name="index-character-codes-153"></a>The character codes for the characters to be written are obtained by
			
 
				+<a name="index-character-codes"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The character codes for the characters to be written are obtained by
			
 
				 adding sixty to each of these numbers, so as to ensure that they will be
			
 
				 printable characters. The resulting character codes are
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">123 103 110 69 94 94 96 92
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     123 103 110 69 94 94 96 92
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">which implies that the tree in the example could be written to a file as
			
 
				+<p>which implies that the tree in the example could be written to a file as
			
 
				 <code>{gnE^^`\</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.11 Bugs</h3>
			
 
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				+<h2 class="section">1.11 Bugs</h2>
			
 
				+<a name="index-internal-errors-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-bugs"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-exceptions"></a>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-internal-errors-138"></a><a name="index-bugs-139"></a><a name="index-exceptions-140"></a>
			
 
				-There are no known bugs outstanding, except for any that may be
			
 
				+<p>There are no known bugs outstanding, except for any that may be
			
 
				 inherent in the external library functions. However, <code>avram</code> has
			
 
				 been used most extensively on GNU/Linux systems, and the prospect
			
 
				 of portability issues with new or lesser used features on other
			
 
				-systems can't be excluded.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Though not observed in practice, it's theoretically possible to blow
			
 
				+systems can&rsquo;t be excluded.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Though not observed in practice, it&rsquo;s theoretically possible to blow
			
 
				 the stack by passing enough functions as arguments to library
			
 
				 functions that pass more functions to library functions (e.g., by
			
 
				 using nested calls to the gsl integration functions meant for a single
			
 
				 variable to evaluate a very high dimensional multiple integral). In
			
 
				 all other cases only dynamic heap storage or a constant amount of
			
 
				 stack space is used.  In particular, this issue is <em>not</em> relevant
			
 
				-to virtual code applications that don't use external libraries, or
			
 
				-that don't pass functions to them as arguments.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><code>avram</code> is designed to recover gracefully from memory overflows
			
 
				+to virtual code applications that don&rsquo;t use external libraries, or
			
 
				+that don&rsquo;t pass functions to them as arguments.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p><code>avram</code> is designed to recover gracefully from memory overflows
			
 
				 by always checking for <code>NULL</code> results from <code>malloc()</code> or
			
 
				 otherwise trapping functions that allocate memory. In the event of an
			
 
				 overflow, it conveys an appropriate error message to the virtual code
			
@@ -61,8 +93,33 @@ occurs. Furthermore, it has been observed on some systems including
 
				 Irix and 2.4 series Linux kernels that the <code>avram</code> process is
			
 
				 killed automatically for attempting to allocate too much memory rather
			
 
				 than given the chance to recover.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Please send bug reports to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> or file
			
 
				+an issue on the Avram github page.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<p>
			
 
				+ <font size="-1">
			
 
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				+ <br>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Please send bug reports to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
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				-
			
 
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@@ -1,76 +1,134 @@
 
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				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a>,
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.5.3 Byte Transducers</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Byte-Transducers-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.5.3 Byte Transducers</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The interface used when the <code>--byte-transducer</code> option is selected
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbyte_002dtransducer_007d-command-line-option-197"></a>allows an application to serve as a persistent stream processor suitable
			
 
				-<a name="index-infinite-streams-198"></a>for finite or infinite streams. The interface can be summarized by the
			
 
				+<a name="index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option-2"></a>
			
 
				+allows an application to serve as a persistent stream processor suitable
			
 
				+<a name="index-infinite-streams-2"></a>
			
 
				+for finite or infinite streams. The interface can be summarized by the
			
 
				 following points.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>When it is first invoked, the function in the virtual code file is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> When it is first invoked, the function in the virtual code file is
			
 
				 applied to an argument of <code>nil</code>, and is expected to return a pair
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>output</var><code>)</code>. The <var>state</var> format is
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,<var>output</var>)</code>. The <var>state</var> format is
			
 
				 unconstrained. The <var>output</var> must be a character string that will
			
 
				-be written to standard output, but it may be the empty string. 
			
 
				-<li>For each byte read from standard input, <code>avram</code> applies the function
			
 
				-to the pair <code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>character</var><code>)</code>, using the state
			
 
				+be written to standard output, but it may be the empty string.
			
 
				+</li><li> For each byte read from standard input, <code>avram</code> applies the function
			
 
				+to the pair <code>(<var>state</var>,<var>character</var>)</code>, using the state
			
 
				 obtained from previous evaluation, and the character whose code is the
			
 
				 byte. The purpose of the <var>state</var> field is therefore to provide a
			
 
				 way for the application to remember something from one invocation to
			
 
				-the next. 
			
 
				-<li>The function is usually expected to return a pair
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>output</var><code>)</code> for each input byte, so that the state
			
 
				+the next.
			
 
				+</li><li> The function is usually expected to return a pair
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,<var>output</var>)</code> for each input byte, so that the state
			
 
				 can be used on the next iteration, and the output can be written to standard
			
 
				-output as a character string. 
			
 
				-<li>If the function ever returns a value of <code>nil</code>, the computation
			
 
				-terminates. 
			
 
				-<li>If standard input comes to an end before the computation terminates,
			
 
				+output as a character string.
			
 
				+</li><li> If the function ever returns a value of <code>nil</code>, the computation
			
 
				+terminates.
			
 
				+</li><li> If standard input comes to an end before the computation terminates,
			
 
				 the function will be applied to a pair of the form
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,nil)</code> thereafter, but may continue to return
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>output</var><code>)</code> pairs for arbitrarily many more iterations. 
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,nil)</code> thereafter, but may continue to return
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,<var>output</var>)</code> pairs for arbitrarily many more iterations.
			
 
				 The <code>EOF</code> character is not explicitly passed to the function, but
			
 
				 the end is detectable insofar as <code>nil</code> is not a representation for
			
 
				-any character. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+any character.
			
 
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				 do not have line breaks automatically appended, and the application must
			
 
				 include them explicitly if required. The convention for
			
 
				-<a name="index-Unix-199"></a>line breaks is system dependent. On Unix and GNU/Linux systems, character
			
 
				+<a name="index-Unix-4"></a>
			
 
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				 code 10 indicates a line break, but other systems may use character code
			
 
				 13 followed by character code 10. See <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a> for the
			
 
				-<a name="index-character-codes-200"></a>representations of characters having these codes.
			
 
				-
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Calling-existing-library-functions-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Whatever data types a library function manipulates, its argument and
			
 
				 its result are each ultimately encoded each by a single list as
			
 
				 explained in <a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>. This representation allows all
			
 
				 library functions to be invoked by a uniform calling convention as
			
 
				 detailed below.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_library_call</b> (<var>list library_name, list function_name, list argument, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005flibrary_005fcall-654"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function serves as an interpreter of external library functions
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005flibrary_005fcall"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_library_call</b><i> (list <var>library_name</var>, <var>list function_name</var>, list <var>argument</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function serves as an interpreter of external library functions
			
 
				 by taking a <var>library_name</var>, a <var>function_name</var>, and an
			
 
				 <var>argument</var> to the result returned by the corresponding library
			
 
				 function for the given <var>argument</var>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The library and function names should be encoded as lists of character
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The library and function names should be encoded as lists of character
			
 
				 representations, the same as the arguments that would be used with the
			
 
				 <code>library</code> combinator if it were being invoked by virtual code
			
 
				-<a name="index-backward-compatability-655"></a>(with attention to the backward compatibility issue explained in
			
 
				+<a name="index-backward-compatability-1"></a>
			
 
				+(with attention to the backward compatibility issue explained in
			
 
				 <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a>).
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If an error occurs in the course of evaluating a library function, the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If an error occurs in the course of evaluating a library function, the
			
 
				 integer referenced by <var>fault</var> will be assigned a non-zero value,
			
 
				 and the result will be a list of character string representations
			
 
				-explaining the error, such as <code>&lt;'memory overflow'&gt;</code>, for example. 
			
 
				+explaining the error, such as <code>&lt;'memory overflow'&gt;</code>, for example.
			
 
				 Otherwise, the list returned will encode the result of the library
			
 
				-function in a way that depends on the particular function being evaluated. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+function in a way that depends on the particular function being evaluated.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_have_library_call</b> (<var>list library_name, list function_name, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fhave_005flibrary_005fcall-656"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function implements the <code>have</code> combinator described in
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fhave_005flibrary_005fcall"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_have_library_call</b><i> (list <var>library_name</var>, list <var>function_name</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function implements the <code>have</code> combinator described in
			
 
				 <a href="Have-combinator.html#Have-combinator">Have combinator</a>, which tests for the availability of a library
			
 
				 function. The <var>library_name</var> and <var>function_name</var> parameters
			
 
				 are as explained above for <code>avm_library_call</code>, and <code>fault</code>
			
 
				 could signal an error similarly for this function as well.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The result returned will be an error message in the event of an error,
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The result returned will be an error message in the event of an error,
			
 
				 or a list of pairs of strings otherwise. The list will be empty if the
			
 
				 library function is not available. If the library function is
			
 
				 available, the list will contain a single pair, as in
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">&lt;(library_name,function_name)&gt;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          &lt;(library_name,function_name)&gt;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>In addition, the list representation of the character string
			
 
				+<p>In addition, the list representation of the character string
			
 
				 <code>'*'</code> can be specified as either the library name or the function
			
 
				 name or both. This string is interpreted as a wild card and will cause
			
 
				 all matching pairs of library and function names to be returned in the
			
 
				-list. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+list.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_libfuns</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005flibfuns-657"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function initializes some static data structures used by the two
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005flibfuns"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_libfuns</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function initializes some static data structures used by the two
			
 
				 functions above. It may be called optionally before the first call to
			
 
				-either of them, but will be called automatically if not. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+either of them, but will be called automatically if not.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_libfuns</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005flibfuns-658"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function can be used as an aid to detecting memory leaks. It
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005flibfuns"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_libfuns</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function can be used as an aid to detecting memory leaks. It
			
 
				 reclaims any data structures allocated by
			
 
				 <code>avm_initialize_libfuns</code> and should be called towards the end of
			
 
				-a run some time prior to <code>avm_count_lists</code> <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a>, if the latter is being used. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+a run some time prior to <code>avm_count_lists</code> <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a>, if the latter is being used.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-
			
 
				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.14.1 Cat</h5>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p>The list concatenation operation has this representation in virtual code. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcat_007d-342"></a><a name="index-concatenation-343"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T28</em><dd>[[<code>cat</code>]] = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,nil))</code>
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="List-Functions.html#List-Functions" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Cat-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.14.1 Cat</h4>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The list concatenation operation has this representation in virtual code.
			
 
				+<a name="index-cat-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-concatenation-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T28</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>cat</code>]] = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,nil))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">This function takes a pair of lists as an argument, an returns the list
			
 
				+<p>This function takes a pair of lists as an argument, an returns the list
			
 
				 obtained by appending the right one to the left. The semantics of
			
 
				 concatenation is what one would expect.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P35</em><dd>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>(nil,</code><var>z</var><code>)</code> = <var>z</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P36</em><dd>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>((</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>),</code><var>z</var><code>)</code> = <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>(</code><var>y</var><code>,z))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P35</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>(nil,<var>z</var>)</code> = <code><var>z</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P36</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>((<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>),<var>z</var>)</code> = <code>(<var>x</var>,</code>[[<code>cat</code>]] <code>(<var>y</var>,<code>z</code>))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix C Changes</h2>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Changes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h1 class="appendix">C. Changes</h1>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>This section is reserved for brief updates due to changes in the
			
 
				 software that may be important enough to note temporarily until more
			
 
				 thorough revisions to the document can be made.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The lack of content here indicates that the current version is either
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The lack of content here indicates that the current version is either
			
 
				 completely up to date or in such a sorry state of neglect that even
			
 
				 this section is obsolete.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.4.2 Character Oriented Interaction</h5>
			
 
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				+<a name="Character-Oriented-Interaction-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.6.4.2 Character Oriented Interaction</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>A character oriented style of interaction involves the function always
			
 
				-returning a data structure of the form <code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,(</code><var>command
			
 
				-lines</var><code>,nil))</code>. The <var>state</var> and <var>command lines</var> fields serve
			
 
				-<a name="index-command-line-236"></a>exactly the same purposes respectively as they do in the case of line
			
 
				+returning a data structure of the form <code>(<var>state</var>,(<var>command
			
 
				+lines</var>,nil))</code>. The <var>state</var> and <var>command lines</var> fields serve
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-5"></a>
			
 
				+exactly the same purposes respectively as they do in the case of line
			
 
				 oriented interaction. The field that would be occupied by the
			
 
				 <var>prompt strings</var> list in the case of line oriented interaction is
			
 
				 identically <code>nil</code> in this style.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>When this style is used, <code>avram</code> spawns a process and/or sends
			
 
				-<a name="index-spawning-processes-237"></a>command lines to it as in the case of line oriented interaction, but
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>When this style is used, <code>avram</code> spawns a process and/or sends
			
 
				+<a name="index-spawning-processes-2"></a>
			
 
				+command lines to it as in the case of line oriented interaction, but
			
 
				 attempts to read only a single character from it per iteration. When the
			
 
				 character is received, <code>avram</code> applies the function to the pair
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>character</var><code>)</code> in order to obtain the next state
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,<var>character</var>)</code> in order to obtain the next state
			
 
				 and the next list of command lines. If the process has terminated, a
			
 
				 <code>nil</code> value is used in place of the character. If the process is
			
 
				 quiescent, deadlock ensues.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The character oriented style is a lower level protocol that shifts more
			
 
				-of the burden of analyzing the process's output to the virtual code
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The character oriented style is a lower level protocol that shifts more
			
 
				+of the burden of analyzing the process&rsquo;s output to the virtual code
			
 
				 application. It can do anything line oriented interaction can do except
			
 
				 proceeding immediately without waiting to receive any output from the
			
 
				 process. It may also allow more general criteria (in effect) than the
			
 
				 matching of a fixed prompt string to delimit the received data, for
			
 
				 those pathological processes that may require such things.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Applications using character oriented interaction need to deal with line
			
 
				-<a name="index-line-breaks-238"></a>breaks explicitly among the received characters, unlike the case with
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Applications using character oriented interaction need to deal with line
			
 
				+<a name="index-line-breaks"></a>
			
 
				+breaks explicitly among the received characters, unlike the case with
			
 
				 line oriented interaction, where the line breaks are implicit in the
			
 
				-<a name="index-Unix-239"></a>list of received strings. Contrary to the convention for Unix text
			
 
				+<a name="index-Unix-6"></a>
			
 
				+list of received strings. Contrary to the convention for Unix text
			
 
				 files, line breaks in the output of a process are indicated by character
			
 
				 code 13 followed by character code 10.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Character Table</h2>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-character-representations-698"></a>This table lists the representations used by <code>avram</code> for
			
 
				+<a name="Character-Table"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Character-Table-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h1 class="appendix">A. Character Table</h1>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-character-representations"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This table lists the representations used by <code>avram</code> for
			
 
				 characters. The left column shows the character code in decimal. For
			
 
				 printable characters, the middle column shows the character. The right
			
 
				 column shows the representation used. For example, the letter <code>A</code> has
			
 
				 character code 65, and the representation
			
 
				 <code>(nil,(((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil)))</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>These representations were generated automatically to meet various
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>These representations were generated automatically to meet various
			
 
				 helpful criteria, and are not expected to change in future releases. No
			
 
				 character representation coincides with the representations used for
			
 
				 boolean values, natural numbers, character strings, pairs of characters,
			
 
				 or certain other data types beyond the scope of this document. An easy
			
 
				 algorithm for lexical sorting is possible. Subject to these criteria,
			
 
				 the smallest possible trees were chosen.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+  0   (nil,(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+  1   (nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+  2   (nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+  3   (nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+  4   (nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+  5   (nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+  6   (nil,(nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+  7   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+  8   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+  9   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 10   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))))
			
 
				+ 11   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 12   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))))
			
 
				+ 13   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))))
			
 
				+ 14   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 15   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 16   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 17   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 18   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)))
			
 
				+ 19   (nil,((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 20   (nil,((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 21   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 22   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 23   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 24   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil))))
			
 
				+ 25   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 26   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 27   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 28   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 29   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 30   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 31   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 32   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 33 ! (nil,((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 34 &quot; (nil,((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				+ 35 # (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 36 $ (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 37 % (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 38 &amp; (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 39 ' (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				+ 40 ( (nil,((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 41 ) (nil,((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 42 * (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 43 + (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 44 , (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 45 - (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 46 . (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 47 / (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 48 0 (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 49 1 (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 50 2 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 51 3 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 52 4 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 53 5 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 54 6 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 55 7 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 56 8 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				+ 57 9 (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 58 : (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 59 ; (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 60 &lt; (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 61 = (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 62 &gt; (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 63 ? (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 64 @ (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 65 A (nil,(((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 66 B (nil,(((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 67 C (nil,(((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 68 D (nil,(((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 69 E (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 70 F (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 71 G (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 72 H (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 73 I (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+ 74 J (nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 75 K (nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 76 L (nil,((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 77 M (nil,((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 78 N (nil,(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 79 O (nil,(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+ 80 P ((nil,nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+ 81 Q ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 82 R ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 83 S ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+ 84 T ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))))
			
 
				+ 85 U ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))))
			
 
				+ 86 V ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))))
			
 
				+ 87 W ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 88 X ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 89 Y ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 90 Z ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)))
			
 
				+ 91 [ ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 92 \ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 93 ] ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 94 ^ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+ 95 _ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 96 ` ((nil,nil),(nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+ 97 a ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+ 98 b ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+ 99 c ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+100 d ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+101 e ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+102 f ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+103 g ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+104 h ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+105 i ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+106 j ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+107 k ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+108 l ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				+109 m ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+110 n ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+111 o ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				+112 p ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+113 q ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+114 r ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+115 s ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+116 t ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+117 u ((nil,nil),(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+118 v ((nil,nil),(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+119 w ((nil,nil),((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+120 x ((nil,nil),((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+121 y ((nil,nil),(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),nil))
			
 
				+122 z ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+123 { ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+124 | ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+125 } ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+126 ~ ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+127   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+128   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+129   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+130   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+131   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+132   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+133   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+134   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+135   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+136   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+137   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+138   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+139   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+140   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+141   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+142   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+143   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+144   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+145   ((nil,(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+146   ((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+147   ((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+148   ((nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+149   ((nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+150   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+151   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+152   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+153   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+154   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+155   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+156   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+157   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+158   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+159   ((nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+160   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+161   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+162   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+163   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+164   ((nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+165   ((nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+166   ((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+167   ((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+168   ((nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+169   ((nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+170   ((nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+171   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+172   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+173   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+174   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				+175   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))))
			
 
				+176   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+177   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+178   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				+179   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				+180   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+181   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+182   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+183   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+184   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				+185   (((nil,nil),nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+186   (((nil,nil),nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+187   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+188   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+189   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+190   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+191   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+192   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+193   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+194   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+195   (((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+196   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+197   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+198   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+199   (((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+200   (((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+201   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+202   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+203   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+204   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+205   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+206   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+207   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+208   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+209   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+210   (((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+211   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+212   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+213   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+214   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+215   (((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+216   (((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+217   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+218   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+219   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+220   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+221   (((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+222   (((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+223   (((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+224   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+225   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+226   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				+227   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				+228   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+229   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+230   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				+231   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(((nil,nil),nil),nil))
			
 
				+232   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+233   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+234   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+235   ((((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+236   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+237   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+238   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+239   ((((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+240   ((((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+241   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+242   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+243   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+244   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+245   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+246   ((((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+247   ((((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+248   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+249   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				+250   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				+251   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+252   (((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+253   (((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+254   (((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+255   ((((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     
			
 
				-       0   (nil,(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-       1   (nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-       2   (nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-       3   (nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-       4   (nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-       5   (nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-       6   (nil,(nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-       7   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-       8   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-       9   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      10   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))))
			
 
				-      11   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      12   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))))
			
 
				-      13   (nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))))
			
 
				-      14   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      15   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      16   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      17   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      18   (nil,((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)))
			
 
				-      19   (nil,((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      20   (nil,((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      21   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      22   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      23   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      24   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil))))
			
 
				-      25   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      26   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      27   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      28   (nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      29   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      30   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      31   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      32   (nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      33 ! (nil,((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      34 " (nil,((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				-      35 # (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      36 $ (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      37 % (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      38 &amp; (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      39 ' (nil,((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				-      40 ( (nil,((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      41 ) (nil,((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      42 * (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      43 + (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      44 , (nil,((nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      45 - (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      46 . (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      47 / (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      48 0 (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      49 1 (nil,(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      50 2 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      51 3 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      52 4 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      53 5 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      54 6 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      55 7 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      56 8 (nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				-      57 9 (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      58 : (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      59 ; (nil,(((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      60 &lt; (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      61 = (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      62 &gt; (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      63 ? (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      64 @ (nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      65 A (nil,(((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      66 B (nil,(((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      67 C (nil,(((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      68 D (nil,(((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      69 E (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      70 F (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      71 G (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      72 H (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      73 I (nil,((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-      74 J (nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      75 K (nil,((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      76 L (nil,((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      77 M (nil,((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      78 N (nil,(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      79 O (nil,(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-      80 P ((nil,nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-      81 Q ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      82 R ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      83 S ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-      84 T ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))))
			
 
				-      85 U ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))))
			
 
				-      86 V ((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))))
			
 
				-      87 W ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      88 X ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      89 Y ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      90 Z ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)))
			
 
				-      91 [ ((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      92 \ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      93 ] ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      94 ^ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-      95 _ ((nil,nil),(nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      96 ` ((nil,nil),(nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-      97 a ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-      98 b ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-      99 c ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-     100 d ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     101 e ((nil,nil),((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-     102 f ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     103 g ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     104 h ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     105 i ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     106 j ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-     107 k ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     108 l ((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil))
			
 
				-     109 m ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     110 n ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-     111 o ((nil,nil),((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     112 p ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     113 q ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     114 r ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     115 s ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     116 t ((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-     117 u ((nil,nil),(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     118 v ((nil,nil),(((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     119 w ((nil,nil),((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     120 x ((nil,nil),((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     121 y ((nil,nil),(((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),nil))
			
 
				-     122 z ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     123 { ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     124 | ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-     125 } ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     126 ~ ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     127   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-     128   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     129   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     130   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     131   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     132   ((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-     133   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     134   ((nil,(nil,nil)),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     135   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     136   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     137   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     138   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     139   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     140   ((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     141   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     142   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     143   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     144   ((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     145   ((nil,(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     146   ((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     147   ((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     148   ((nil,(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     149   ((nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     150   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     151   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     152   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     153   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     154   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     155   ((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     156   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     157   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     158   ((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     159   ((nil,((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     160   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     161   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     162   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     163   ((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     164   ((nil,((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     165   ((nil,((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     166   ((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     167   ((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     168   ((nil,(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     169   ((nil,(((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     170   ((nil,((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     171   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     172   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     173   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     174   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))))
			
 
				-     175   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))))
			
 
				-     176   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     177   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     178   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)))
			
 
				-     179   (((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     180   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     181   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     182   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     183   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     184   (((nil,nil),nil),((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil))
			
 
				-     185   (((nil,nil),nil),(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     186   (((nil,nil),nil),(((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     187   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     188   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     189   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     190   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     191   (((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     192   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     193   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     194   (((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     195   (((nil,nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     196   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     197   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     198   (((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     199   (((nil,nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     200   (((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     201   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     202   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     203   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     204   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     205   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     206   (((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     207   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     208   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     209   (((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     210   (((nil,(nil,nil)),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     211   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     212   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     213   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     214   (((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     215   (((nil,(nil,(nil,(nil,nil)))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     216   (((nil,(nil,((nil,nil),nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     217   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     218   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     219   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     220   (((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     221   (((nil,((nil,nil),(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     222   (((nil,((nil,(nil,nil)),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     223   (((nil,(((nil,nil),nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     224   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     225   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     226   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,(nil,nil))))
			
 
				-     227   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,((nil,nil),nil)))
			
 
				-     228   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     229   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     230   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),((nil,(nil,nil)),nil))
			
 
				-     231   ((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(((nil,nil),nil),nil))
			
 
				-     232   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     233   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     234   ((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     235   ((((nil,nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     236   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     237   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     238   ((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     239   ((((nil,nil),(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     240   ((((nil,nil),((nil,nil),nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     241   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     242   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     243   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     244   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     245   ((((nil,(nil,nil)),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     246   ((((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     247   ((((nil,((nil,nil),nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     248   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     249   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,(nil,nil)))
			
 
				-     250   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),((nil,nil),nil))
			
 
				-     251   (((((nil,nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil)),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     252   (((((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil)),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     253   (((((nil,nil),(nil,nil)),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     254   (((((nil,(nil,nil)),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-     255   ((((((nil,nil),nil),nil),nil),nil),(nil,nil))
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">3.2 Characters and Strings</h3>
			
 
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				-<p><a name="index-character-strings-506"></a>If a C program is to interact with a virtual code application by
			
 
				+<a name="Characters-and-Strings"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Characters-and-Strings-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">3.2 Characters and Strings</h2>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-character-strings-4"></a>
			
 
				+<p>If a C program is to interact with a virtual code application by
			
 
				 exchanging text, it uses the representation for characters described in
			
 
				 <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>.  This convention would be inconvenient without a
			
 
				 suitable API, so the functions in this section address the need. These
			
 
				-functions are declared in the header file <samp><span class="file">chrcodes.h</span></samp>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Some of these functions have two forms, with one of them having the
			
 
				+functions are declared in the header file &lsquo;<tt>chrcodes.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some of these functions have two forms, with one of them having the
			
 
				 word <code>standard</code> as part of its name. The reason is to cope with
			
 
				 multiple character encodings. Versions of <code>avram</code> prior to 0.1.0
			
 
				-<a name="index-character-encodings-507"></a><a name="index-multiple-character-encodings-508"></a>used a different character encoding than the one documented in
			
 
				+<a name="index-character-encodings"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-multiple-character-encodings"></a>
			
 
				+used a different character encoding than the one documented in
			
 
				 <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. The functions described in <a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">Version Management</a> can be used to select backward compatible operation with
			
 
				 the older character encoding. The normal forms of the functions in
			
 
				 this section will use the older character set if a backward
			
 
				 compatibility mode is indicated, whereas the standard forms will use
			
 
				 the character encoding documented in <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a> regardless.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Standard encodings should always be assumed for library and function
			
 
				-<a name="index-standard-character-encoding-509"></a>names associated with the <code>library</code> combinator (<a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a>), and for values of lists defined by
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Standard encodings should always be assumed for library and function
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-character-encoding"></a>
			
 
				+names associated with the <code>library</code> combinator (<a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a>), and for values of lists defined by
			
 
				 <code>avm_list_of_value</code> (<a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a>), but version
			
 
				 dependent encodings should be used for all other purposes such as
			
 
				 error messages. Alternatively, the normal version dependent forms of
			
 
				 the functions below can be used safely in any case if backward
			
 
				-<a name="index-backward-compatability-510"></a>compatibility is not an issue. This distinction is viewed as a
			
 
				+<a name="index-backward-compatability"></a>
			
 
				+compatibility is not an issue. This distinction is viewed as a
			
 
				 transitional feature of the API that will be discontinued eventually
			
 
				 when support for the old character set is withdrawn and the
			
 
				 <code>standard</code> forms are be removed.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_character_representation</b> (<var>int character</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fcharacter_005frepresentation-511"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-        </div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_standard_character_representation</b> (<var>int character</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005frepresentation-512"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function takes an integer character code and returns a copy of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcharacter_005frepresentation"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_character_representation</b><i> (int <var>character</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005frepresentation"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_standard_character_representation</b><i> (int <var>character</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function takes an integer character code and returns a copy of
			
 
				 the list representing it, as per the table in <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. Because the copy is shared, no memory is allocated by this
			
 
				 function so there is no possibility of overflow. Nevertheless, it is
			
 
				 the responsibility of the caller dispose of the list when it is no
			
 
				 longer needed by <code>avm_dispose</code>, just as if the copy were not
			
 
				 shared (<a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a>). For performance reasons, this
			
 
				 function is implemented as a macro. If the argument is outside the
			
 
				-range of zero to 255, it is masked into that range. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: int <b>avm_character_code</b> (<var>list operand</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fcharacter_005fcode-513"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-        </div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: int <b>avm_standard_character_code</b> (<var>list operand</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005fcode-514"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function takes a list as an argument and returns the corresponding
			
 
				+range of zero to 255, it is masked into that range.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcharacter_005fcode"></a><u>Function:</u> int <b>avm_character_code</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005fcode"></a><u>Function:</u> int <b>avm_standard_character_code</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function takes a list as an argument and returns the corresponding
			
 
				 character code, as per <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. If the argument does not
			
 
				-represent any character, a value of <code>-1</code> is returned. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_strung</b> (<var>char *string</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fstrung-515"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-        </div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_standard_strung</b> (<var>char *string</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fstrung-516"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function takes a pointer to a null terminated character string and
			
 
				+represent any character, a value of <code>-1</code> is returned.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_strung</b><i> (char *<var>string</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fstandard_005fstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_standard_strung</b><i> (char *<var>string</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function takes a pointer to a null terminated character string and
			
 
				 returns the list obtained by translating each character into its list
			
 
				 representation and enqueuing them together. Memory needs to be allocated
			
 
				-for the result, and if there isn't enough available, an error message is
			
 
				+for the result, and if there isn&rsquo;t enough available, an error message is
			
 
				 written to standard error and the process is terminated. This function
			
 
				 is useful to initialize lists from hard coded strings at the beginning
			
 
				 of a run, as in this example.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">hello_string = avm_strung(&quot;hello&quot;);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          hello_string = avm_strung("hello");
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>This form initializes a single string, but to initialize a one line
			
 
				+<p>This form initializes a single string, but to initialize a one line
			
 
				 message suitable for writing to a file, it would have to be a list of
			
 
				 strings, as in this example.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          hello_message = avm_join(avm_strung("hello"),NULL);
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>The latter form is used internally by the library for initializing
			
 
				-most of the various error messages that can be returned by other functions. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_recoverable_strung</b> (<var>char *string, int *fault</var>)<var>;<a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstrung-517"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-        </div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_recoverable_standard_strung</b> (<var>char *string, int *fault</var>)<var>;<a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstandard_005fstrung-518"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is like <code>avm_strung</code> except that if it runs out of memory
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">hello_message = avm_join(avm_strung(&quot;hello&quot;),NULL);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The latter form is used internally by the library for initializing
			
 
				+most of the various error messages that can be returned by other functions.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_recoverable_strung</b><i> (char *<var>string</var>, int *<var>fault</var>);</i></dt>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstandard_005fstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_recoverable_standard_strung</b><i> (char *<var>string</var>, int *<var>fault</var>);</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is like <code>avm_strung</code> except that if it runs out of memory
			
 
				 it sets the integer referenced by <var>fault</var> to a non-zero value and returns
			
 
				-instead of terminating the process. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char <b>*avm_unstrung</b> (<var>list string, list *message, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-g_t_002aavm_005funstrung-519"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-        </div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char <b>*avm_standard_unstrung</b> (<var>list string, list *message, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-g_t_002aavm_005fstandard_005funstrung-520"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs an inverse operation to
			
 
				+instead of terminating the process.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-_002aavm_005funstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> char <b>*avm_unstrung</b><i> (list <var>string</var>, list *<var>message</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-_002aavm_005fstandard_005funstrung"></a><u>Function:</u> char <b>*avm_standard_unstrung</b><i> (list <var>string</var>, list *<var>message</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs an inverse operation to
			
 
				 <code>avm_recoverable_strung</code>, taking a list representing a character
			
 
				 string to the character string in ASCII null terminated form as per
			
 
				 the standard C representation. Memory is allocated for the result by
			
 
				 this function which should be freed by the caller.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>In the event of an exception, the integer referenced by <code>fault</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In the event of an exception, the integer referenced by <code>fault</code>
			
 
				 is assigned a non-zero value and an error message represented as a
			
 
				 list is assigned to the list referenced by <code>message</code>. The error
			
 
				 message should be reclaimed by the caller with <code>avm_dispose</code>
			
 
				 (<a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a> if it is non-empty. Possible error messages
			
 
				 are <code>&lt;'memory overflow'&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;'counter overflow'&gt;</code>, and
			
 
				-<code>&lt;'invalid text format'&gt;</code>. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+<code>&lt;'invalid text format'&gt;</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_scanned_list</b> (<var>char *string</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fscanned_005flist-521"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>An application that makes use of virtual code snippets or data that are
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fscanned_005flist"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_scanned_list</b><i> (char *<var>string</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>An application that makes use of virtual code snippets or data that are
			
 
				 known at compile time can use this function to initialize them. The
			
 
				 argument is a string in the format described in <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a>,
			
 
				 and the result is the list representing it. For example, the program
			
 
				 discussed in <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a> could be hard coded into a C program
			
 
				 by pasting the data from its virtual code file into an expression of
			
 
				 this form.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">cat_program = avm_scanned_list(&quot;sKYQNTP\\&quot;);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          cat_program = avm_scanned_list("sKYQNTP\\");
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>Note that the backslash character in the original data has to be
			
 
				+<p>Note that the backslash character in the original data has to be
			
 
				 preceded by an extra backslash in the C source, because backslashes
			
 
				 usually mean something in C character constants.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The <code>avm_scanned_list</code> function needs to allocate memory. If there
			
 
				-isn't enough memory available, it writes a message to standard error and
			
 
				-causes the process to exit. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_multiscanned</b> (<var>char **strings</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fmultiscanned-522"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Sometimes it may be useful to initialize very large lists from
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>avm_scanned_list</code> function needs to allocate memory. If there
			
 
				+isn&rsquo;t enough memory available, it writes a message to standard error and
			
 
				+causes the process to exit.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fmultiscanned"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_multiscanned</b><i> (char **<var>strings</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Sometimes it may be useful to initialize very large lists from
			
 
				 strings, but some C compilers impose limitations on the maximum length
			
 
				 of a string constant, and the ISO standard for C requires only 512
			
 
				 bytes.  This function serves a similar purpose to
			
 
				 <code>avm_scanned_list</code>, but allows the argument to be a pointer to a
			
 
				 null terminated array of strings instead of one long string, thereby
			
 
				 circumventing this limitation in the compiler.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">char *code[] = {&quot;sKYQ&quot;,&quot;NTP\\&quot;,NULL};
			
 
				+...
			
 
				+cat_program = avm_multiscanned(code);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          char *code[] = {"sKYQ","NTP\\",NULL};
			
 
				-          ...
			
 
				-          cat_program = avm_multiscanned(code);
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>If there is insufficient memory to allocate the list this function needs
			
 
				+<p>If there is insufficient memory to allocate the list this function needs
			
 
				 to create, it causes an error message to be written to standard error,
			
 
				-and then kills the process. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char* <b>avm_prompt</b> (<var>list prompt_strings</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fprompt-523"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function takes a list representing a list of character strings, and
			
 
				+and then kills the process.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fprompt"></a><u>Function:</u> char* <b>avm_prompt</b><i> (list <var>prompt_strings</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function takes a list representing a list of character strings, and
			
 
				 returns its translation to a character string with the sequence 13 10
			
 
				 used as a separator. For example, given a tree of this form
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          some_message = avm_join(
			
 
				-             avm_strung("hay"),
			
 
				-             avm_join(
			
 
				-                avm_strung("you"),
			
 
				-                NULL));
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>the result returned by <code>prompt_strings(some_message)</code> would be a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">some_message = avm_join(
			
 
				+   avm_strung(&quot;hay&quot;),
			
 
				+   avm_join(
			
 
				+      avm_strung(&quot;you&quot;),
			
 
				+      NULL));
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>the result returned by <code>prompt_strings(some_message)</code> would be a
			
 
				 pointer to a null terminated character string equivalent to the C constant
			
 
				-<code>"hay\13\10you"</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Error messages are printed and the process terminated in the event of
			
 
				+<code>&quot;hay\13\10you&quot;</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Error messages are printed and the process terminated in the event of
			
 
				 either a memory overflow or an invalid character representation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function is used by <code>avram</code> in the evaluation of interactive
			
 
				-<a name="index-interactive-applications-524"></a>virtual code applications, whose output has to be compared to the output
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function is used by <code>avram</code> in the evaluation of interactive
			
 
				+<a name="index-interactive-applications-2"></a>
			
 
				+virtual code applications, whose output has to be compared to the output
			
 
				 from a shell command in this format. The separator is chosen to be
			
 
				-compatible with the <code>expect</code> library. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+compatible with the <code>expect</code> library.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char* <b>avm_recoverable_prompt</b> (<var>list prompt_strings, list *message, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fprompt-525"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs the same operation as <code>avm_prompt</code> but
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fprompt"></a><u>Function:</u> char* <b>avm_recoverable_prompt</b><i> (list <var>prompt_strings</var>, list *<var>message</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs the same operation as <code>avm_prompt</code> but
			
 
				 allows the caller to handle exceptional conditions. If an exception
			
 
				 such as a memory overflow occurs, the integer referenced by
			
 
				 <code>fault</code> is assigned a non-zero value and a representation of the
			
 
				 error message as a list of strings is assigned to the list referenced
			
 
				 by <code>message</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function is used to by <code>avram</code> to evaluate the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function is used to by <code>avram</code> to evaluate the
			
 
				 <code>interact</code> combinator (<a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a>), when
			
 
				-terminating in the event of an error would be inappropriate. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+terminating in the event of an error would be inappropriate.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_chrcodes</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fchrcodes-526"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function has to be called before any of the other character
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fchrcodes"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_chrcodes</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function has to be called before any of the other character
			
 
				 conversion functions in this section, or else their results are
			
 
				 undefined. It performs the initialization of various internal data
			
 
				-structures. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_chrcodes</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fchrcodes-527"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function can be called at the end of a run, after the last call to
			
 
				+structures.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fchrcodes"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_chrcodes</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function can be called at the end of a run, after the last call to
			
 
				 any of the other functions in this section, but before
			
 
				 <code>avm_count_lists</code> if that function is also being used. The purpose
			
 
				 of this function is to detect and report memory leaks. If any memory
			
 
				 associated with any of these functions has not been reclaimed by the
			
 
				 client program, a message giving the number of unreclaimed lists will be
			
 
				-written to standard error. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-command-line-584"></a>A couple of functions declared in <samp><span class="file">cmdline.h</span></samp> can be used to do all
			
 
				+<a name="Command-Line-Parsing"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Command-Line-Parsing-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</h3>
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-6"></a>
			
 
				+<p>A couple of functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>cmdline.h</tt>&rsquo; can be used to do all
			
 
				 the necessary parsing of command lines and environment variables needed
			
 
				 by virtual code applications.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_default_command_line</b> (<var>int argc, char *argv</var>[]<var>, int index, char *extension, char *paths, int default_to_stdin_mode, int force_text_input_mode, int *file_ordinal</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdefault_005fcommand_005fline-585"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>The purpose of this function is to build most of the data structure used
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdefault_005fcommand_005fline"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_default_command_line</b><i> (int <var>argc</var>, char *<var>argv</var>[], int <var>index</var>, char *<var>extension</var>, char *<var>paths</var>, int <var>default_to_stdin_mode</var>, int <var>force_text_input_mode</var>, int *<var>file_ordinal</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>The purpose of this function is to build most of the data structure used
			
 
				 by parameter mode applications, as described in <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a>, by parsing the command line according to <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a>. The parameters have these interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>argc</var><dd>is the number elements in the array referenced by <var>argv</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>argv</var><dd>is the address of an array of pointers to null terminated character strings
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>argc</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the number elements in the array referenced by <code><var>argv</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>argv</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the address of an array of pointers to null terminated character strings
			
 
				 holding command line arguments
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>index</var><dd>is the position of the first element of <var>argv</var> to be
			
 
				-considered. Those preceding it are ignored. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>extension</var><dd>is the address of a string that will be appended to input file names
			
 
				-given in <var>argv</var> in an effort to find the associated files
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>paths</var><dd>is the address of a null terminated character string containing a colon
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>index</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the position of the first element of <code><var>argv</var></code> to be
			
 
				+considered. Those preceding it are ignored.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>extension</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the address of a string that will be appended to input file names
			
 
				+given in <code><var>argv</var></code> in an effort to find the associated files
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>paths</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the address of a null terminated character string containing a colon
			
 
				 separated list of directory names that will be searched for input files
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>default_to_stdin_mode</var><dd>is set to a non-zero value by the caller if the contents of standard
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>default_to_stdin_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is set to a non-zero value by the caller if the contents of standard
			
 
				 input should be read in the absence of input files
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>force_text_input_mode</var><dd>is set to a non-zero value by the caller to indicate that input files
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>force_text_input_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is set to a non-zero value by the caller to indicate that input files
			
 
				 should be read as text, using <code>avm_load</code> (rather than
			
 
				 <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code>, which would allow them to be either
			
 
				-text or data). The <var>preamble</var> field of the returned file
			
 
				-specifications will always be empty when this flag is set. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>file_ordinal</var><dd>is set to a pointer to an integer by the caller if only one file is to
			
 
				+text or data). The <code><var>preamble</var></code> field of the returned file
			
 
				+specifications will always be empty when this flag is set.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>file_ordinal</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is set to a pointer to an integer by the caller if only one file is to
			
 
				 be loaded during each call. The value of the integer indicates the which
			
 
				-one it will be. 
			
 
				+one it will be.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>The result returned by this function is a list whose <code>head</code> is a list
			
 
				+<p>The result returned by this function is a list whose <code>head</code> is a list
			
 
				 of file specifications and whose <code>tail</code> is a list of command line options
			
 
				 intended for input to a virtual code application.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The list of file specifications returned in the <code>head</code> of the
			
 
				-result follows the same conventions as the <var>data</var> parameter
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The list of file specifications returned in the <code>head</code> of the
			
 
				+result follows the same conventions as the <code><var>data</var></code> parameter
			
 
				 to the function <code>avm_output_as_directed</code>, except that the
			
 
				 <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> of each item is a list representing the
			
 
				 time stamp of the file as given by <code>avm_date_representation</code>. If
			
 
				 the file is standard input, then it holds the current system date and
			
 
				 time.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the <var>file_ordinal</var> parameter is <code>NULL</code>, then all
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the <code><var>file_ordinal</var></code> parameter is <code>NULL</code>, then all
			
 
				 files on the command line are loaded, but if it points to an integer
			
 
				 <var>n</var>, then only the <var>n</var>th file is loaded, and <var>n</var> is
			
 
				 incremented. If there is no <var>n</var>th file, a <code>NULL</code> value is
			
 
				 returned as the entire result of the function. For a series of calls,
			
 
				 the integer should be initialized to zero by the caller before the first
			
 
				 call.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If standard input is indicated as one of the files on the command line
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If standard input is indicated as one of the files on the command line
			
 
				 (by a dash), then it is also loaded regardless of the
			
 
				-<var>file_ordinal</var>, but a cached copy of it is used on subsequent
			
 
				+<code><var>file_ordinal</var></code>, but a cached copy of it is used on subsequent
			
 
				 calls after the first, so that the function does not actually attempt to
			
 
				 reread it. If standard input is to be loaded, it must be finite for this
			
 
				 function to work properly.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The search strategy for files is described in <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a>, and
			
 
				-makes use of the <var>extension</var> and <var>paths</var> parameters.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>In the list of command line options returned in the <code>tail</code> of the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The search strategy for files is described in <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a>, and
			
 
				+makes use of the <code><var>extension</var></code> and <code><var>paths</var></code> parameters.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In the list of command line options returned in the <code>tail</code> of the
			
 
				 result, each item is a list with a non-empty <code>head</code> and
			
 
				 <code>tail</code>, and is interpreted as follows.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> is a list representing a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> The <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> is a list representing a
			
 
				 natural number, as given by <code>avm_natural</code>, indicating the position
			
 
				 of the option on the command line relative to the initial value of the
			
 
				-<var>index</var> parameter. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> is a list which is <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				+<code><var>index</var></code> parameter.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> is a list which is <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				 in the case of a &ldquo;short form&rdquo; option, written with a single
			
 
				 dash on the command line, but is a list whose <code>head</code> and
			
 
				 <code>tail</code> are <code>NULL</code> in the case of a &ldquo;long form&rdquo; option,
			
 
				-written with two dashes. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>head</code> of the <code>tail</code> is a list representing a
			
 
				+written with two dashes.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>head</code> of the <code>tail</code> is a list representing a
			
 
				 character string for the keyword of an option, for example <kbd>foo</kbd> in
			
 
				-the case of an option written <kbd>--foo=bar,baz</kbd>. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>tail</code> of the <code>tail</code> is a list of lists representing
			
 
				+the case of an option written <kbd>--foo=bar,baz</kbd>.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>tail</code> of the <code>tail</code> is a list of lists representing
			
 
				 character strings, with one item for each parameter associated with the
			
 
				-option, for example, <kbd>bar</kbd> and <kbd>baz</kbd>. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+option, for example, <kbd>bar</kbd> and <kbd>baz</kbd>.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>If multiple calls to the function are made with differing values of
			
 
				-<code>*</code><var>file_ordinal</var> but other parameters unchanged, the same list of
			
 
				+<p>If multiple calls to the function are made with differing values of
			
 
				+<code>*<var>file_ordinal</var></code> but other parameters unchanged, the same list of
			
 
				 options will be returned each time, except insofar as the position
			
 
				 numbers in the <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> of each item are adjusted
			
 
				 as explained in <a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#Input-for-Mapped-Applications">Input for Mapped Applications</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Any of the i/o errors or fatal errors associated with other file
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Any of the i/o errors or fatal errors associated with other file
			
 
				 input operations are possible with this function as well. This non-fatal
			
 
				-warning message is also possible. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsearch-paths-not-supported_007d-586"></a>
			
 
				-     <pre class="display">          <var>program-name</var><code>: warning: search paths not supported</code>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>This error occurs if the library has been built on a platform that
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bargz_002eh_007d-587"></a>doesn't have the <samp><span class="file">argz.h</span></samp> header file and the <var>paths</var>
			
 
				-parameter is non-<code>NULL</code>. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+warning message is also possible.
			
 
				+<a name="index-search-paths-not-supported-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display"><code><var>program-name</var>: warning: search paths not supported</code>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_environment</b> (<var>char *env</var>[])<var><a name="index-avm_005fenvironment-588"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p><a name="index-environment-589"></a>This function takes the address of a null terminated array of pointers
			
 
				+<p>This error occurs if the library has been built on a platform that
			
 
				+<a name="index-argz_002eh-1"></a>
			
 
				+doesn&rsquo;t have the &lsquo;<tt>argz.h</tt>&rsquo; header file and the <code><var>paths</var></code>
			
 
				+parameter is non-<code>NULL</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fenvironment"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_environment</b><i> (char *<var>env</var>[])</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-environment-6"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This function takes the address of a null terminated array of pointers
			
 
				 to null terminated character strings of the form
			
 
				-<code>"variable=value"</code>. The result returned is a list of lists, with
			
 
				+<code>&quot;variable=value&quot;</code>. The result returned is a list of lists, with
			
 
				 one item for each element of the array. The <code>head</code> of each item is
			
 
				 a representation of the left side of the corresponding string, and the
			
 
				 <code>tail</code> is a representation of the right.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function is therefore useful along with
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function is therefore useful along with
			
 
				 <code>avm_default_command_line</code> for building the remainder of the data
			
 
				 structure described in <a href="Parameter-Mode-Interface.html#Parameter-Mode-Interface">Parameter Mode Interface</a>. For example, a
			
 
				 virtual machine emulator for non-interactive parameter mode applications
			
 
				 with no bells and whistles could have the following form.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">int
			
 
				+main(argc,argv,env)
			
 
				+&hellip;
			
 
				+{
			
 
				+  FILE *virtual_code_file;
			
 
				+&hellip;
			
 
				+  avm_initialize_lists();
			
 
				+  avm_initialize_apply();
			
 
				+  avm_initialize_rawio();
			
 
				+  avm_initialize_formout();
			
 
				+  avm_initialize_cmdline();
			
 
				+  virtual_code_file = fopen(argv[1],&quot;rb&quot;);
			
 
				+  operator = avm_received_list(
			
 
				+    virtual_code_file,argv[1]);
			
 
				+  fclose(virtual_code_file);
			
 
				+  command = avm_default_command_line(argc,
			
 
				+    argv,2,NULL,NULL,0,0,NULL);
			
 
				+  environs = avm_environment(env);
			
 
				+  operand = avm_join(command,environs);
			
 
				+  result = avm_apply(operator,operand);
			
 
				+  avm_output_as_directed(result,0,0);
			
 
				+  avm_dispose(result);
			
 
				+&hellip;
			
 
				+}
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          int
			
 
				-          main(argc,argv,env)
			
 
				-          ...
			
 
				-          {
			
 
				-            FILE *virtual_code_file;
			
 
				-          ...
			
 
				-            avm_initialize_lists();
			
 
				-            avm_initialize_apply();
			
 
				-            avm_initialize_rawio();
			
 
				-            avm_initialize_formout();
			
 
				-            avm_initialize_cmdline();
			
 
				-            virtual_code_file = fopen(argv[1],"rb");
			
 
				-            operator = avm_received_list(
			
 
				-              virtual_code_file,argv[1]);
			
 
				-            fclose(virtual_code_file);
			
 
				-            command = avm_default_command_line(argc,
			
 
				-              argv,2,NULL,NULL,0,0,NULL);
			
 
				-            environs = avm_environment(env);
			
 
				-            operand = avm_join(command,environs);
			
 
				-            result = avm_apply(operator,operand);
			
 
				-            avm_output_as_directed(result,0,0);
			
 
				-            avm_dispose(result);
			
 
				-          ...
			
 
				-          }
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>The <code>avm_environment</code> function could cause the program to abort due
			
 
				+<p>The <code>avm_environment</code> function could cause the program to abort due
			
 
				 to a memory overflow.  For security reasons, it will also abort with an
			
 
				-<a name="index-security-590"></a>error message if any non-printing characters are detected in its
			
 
				-argument. (See <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a>.) 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_cmdline</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fcmdline-591"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function initializes some local variables and should be called
			
 
				+<a name="index-security-2"></a>
			
 
				+error message if any non-printing characters are detected in its
			
 
				+argument. (See <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a>.)
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fcmdline"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_cmdline</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function initializes some local variables and should be called
			
 
				 before any of the other functions in this section is called, or else
			
 
				-their results are unpredictable. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_cmdline</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fcmdline-592"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the other
			
 
				+their results are unpredictable.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fcmdline"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_cmdline</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the other
			
 
				 functions in this section, as it reclaims some locally allocated
			
 
				 storage. If the <code>avm_count_lists</code> function is used, it should be
			
 
				-called after this one. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+called after this one.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.5 Command Line Syntax</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-command-line-46"></a>The command line parameters that follow the virtual code file name
			
 
				+<a name="Command-Line-Syntax"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Command-Line-Syntax-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.5 Command Line Syntax</h2>
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The command line parameters that follow the virtual code file name
			
 
				 when <code>avram</code> is used in parameter mode (<a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode">Parameter Mode</a>) are dependent on the
			
 
				 specific application. However, all supported applications are
			
 
				 constrained for implementation reasons to observe certain uniform
			
 
				 conventions regarding their command line parameters, which are
			
 
				 documented here to avoid needless duplication.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-shell-47"></a><a name="index-file-parameters-48"></a><a name="index-input-files-49"></a>The shell divides the command line into "arguments" separated by white
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-shell"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-file-parameters"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-input-files"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The shell divides the command line into &quot;arguments&quot; separated by white
			
 
				 space.  Arguments containing white space or special characters used by
			
 
				 the shell must be quoted or protected as usual. File names with wild
			
 
				 cards in them are expanded by the shell before <code>avram</code> sees them.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><code>avram</code> then extracts from the sequence of arguments a sequence of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p><code>avram</code> then extracts from the sequence of arguments a sequence of
			
 
				 filenames and a sequence of options. Each option consists of a keyword and an
			
 
				 optional parameter list. Filenames, keywords, and parameter lists are
			
 
				 distinguished according to the following criteria.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ol type=1 start=1>
			
 
				-<li>An argument is treated as a keyword iff it meets these three
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+An argument is treated as a keyword iff it meets these three
			
 
				 conditions.
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <ol type=a start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It starts with a dash. 
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't contain an equals sign. 
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't consist solely of a dash.
			
 
				-          </ol>
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+It starts with a dash.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t contain an equals sign.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t consist solely of a dash.
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <li>An argument is treated as a parameter list iff it meets these four
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+An argument is treated as a parameter list iff it meets these four
			
 
				 conditions.
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <ol type=a start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't begin with a dash. 
			
 
				-<li>It either begins with an equals sign or doesn't contain one. 
			
 
				-<li>It immediately follows an argument beginning with a dash, not
			
 
				-containing an equals sign and not consisting solely of a dash. 
			
 
				-<li>At least one of the following is true.
			
 
				-               <ol type=1 start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't contain a period, tilde, or path separator. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-path-separators-50"></a><li>It contains a comma. 
			
 
				-<li>It can be interpreted as a C formatted floating point number.
			
 
				-               </ol>
			
 
				-          </ol>
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t begin with a dash.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It either begins with an equals sign or doesn&rsquo;t contain one.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It immediately follows an argument beginning with a dash, not
			
 
				+containing an equals sign and not consisting solely of a dash.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+At least one of the following is true.
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t contain a period, tilde, or path separator.
			
 
				+<a name="index-path-separators"></a>
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It contains a comma.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It can be interpreted as a C formatted floating point number.
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <li>An argument is treated as an input file name iff it meets these four
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+An argument is treated as an input file name iff it meets these four
			
 
				 conditions.
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <ol type=a start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't begin with a dash. 
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't contain an equals sign. 
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't contain a comma. 
			
 
				-<li>At least one of the following is true.
			
 
				-               <ol type=1 start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It contains a period, tilde, or path separator. 
			
 
				-<li>It doesn't immediately follow an argument beginning with a dash, not
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t begin with a dash.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t contain an equals sign.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t contain a comma.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+At least one of the following is true.
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+It contains a period, tilde, or path separator.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+It doesn&rsquo;t immediately follow an argument beginning with a dash, not
			
 
				 consisting solely of a dash, and not containing an equals sign.
			
 
				-               </ol>
			
 
				-          </ol>
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <li>If an argument contains an equals sign but doesn't begin with one,
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+If an argument contains an equals sign but doesn&rsquo;t begin with one,
			
 
				 the part on the left of the first equals sign is treated as a
			
 
				-keyword and the part on the right is treated as a parameter list. 
			
 
				-<li>An argument consisting solely of a dash is taken to represent the
			
 
				-standard input file. 
			
 
				-<li>An argument not fitting any of the above classifications is an error.
			
 
				-        </ol>
			
 
				+keyword and the part on the right is treated as a parameter list.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+An argument consisting solely of a dash is taken to represent the
			
 
				+standard input file.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+An argument not fitting any of the above classifications is an error.
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>These conventions are needed for <code>avram</code> to detect input file names
			
 
				+<p>These conventions are needed for <code>avram</code> to detect input file names
			
 
				 in a general, position independent way, so that it can preload the files
			
 
				 on behalf of the application. Many standard Unix utilities follow these
			
 
				-<a name="index-Unix-51"></a>conventions to a large extent, the exceptions being those that employ
			
 
				+<a name="index-Unix-2"></a>
			
 
				+conventions to a large extent, the exceptions being those that employ
			
 
				 non-filename arguments without distinguishing syntax, and use positional
			
 
				 or other ad hoc methods of command line interpretation. A drop-in
			
 
				 replacement for such an application could nevertheless be implemented
			
 
				 using <code>avram</code> with an appropriate wrapper script, similar to the
			
 
				 approach recommended in <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a>, but with suitable keywords
			
 
				 inserted prior to the ambiguous arguments.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
				+ <font size="-1">
			
 
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--- a/doc/avram.html/Compare.html
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@@ -1,64 +1,108 @@
 
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				+            Olaf Bachmann <[email protected]>
			
 
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				+Maintained by: Many creative people.
			
 
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				-<a name="Compare"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Member.html#Member">Member</a>,
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Predicates.html#Predicates">Predicates</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Predicates.html#Predicates">Predicates</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.11.1 Compare</h5>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcompare_007d-311"></a>A function that performs comparison has a the following very simple
			
 
				-virtual code representation.
			
 
				+<a name="Compare"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Predicates.html#Predicates" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Member.html#Member" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Compare-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.11.1 Compare</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T19</em><dd>[[<code>compare</code>]] = <code>(nil,nil)</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-compare"></a>
			
 
				+<p>A function that performs comparison has a the following very simple
			
 
				+virtual code representation.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T19</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>compare</code>]] = <code>(nil,nil)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The proof of theorem <em>T19</em> is that the standard <code>silly</code> prelude
			
 
				+<p>The proof of theorem <em>T19</em> is that the standard <code>silly</code> prelude
			
 
				 contains the declaration <code>compare = (nil,nil)</code>.  Code in this form
			
 
				 has the following semantics.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P17</em><dd>For distinct trees <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, [[<code>compare</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P18</em><dd>[[<code>compare</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>x</var><code>)</code> = <code>(nil,nil)</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P17</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>For distinct trees <code><var>x</var></code> and <code><var>y</var></code>, [[<code>compare</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P18</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>compare</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>x</var>)</code> = <code>(nil,nil)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent"><a name="index-equality-312"></a>In other words, the virtual code <code>(nil,nil)</code> implements a function
			
 
				+<a name="index-equality-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In other words, the virtual code <code>(nil,nil)</code> implements a function
			
 
				 that takes a pair of trees and returns true if and only if they are
			
 
				 equal.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>It would be fairly simple to write an equivalent virtual code
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>It would be fairly simple to write an equivalent virtual code
			
 
				 application that implements this function if it were not realizable in
			
 
				 this form by definition of the operator. However, this method is
			
 
				 preferable because it saves space in virtual code and has a highly
			
 
				 optimized implementation in C.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
				+ <font size="-1">
			
 
				+  This document was generated on <i>November 8, 2012</i> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><i>texi2html 1.82</i></a>.
			
 
				+ </font>
			
 
				+ <br>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+</body>
			
 
				+</html>
			
--- a/doc/avram.html/Comparison.html
+++ b/doc/avram.html/Comparison.html
@@ -1,105 +1,160 @@
 
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				+            Lionel Cons <[email protected]> (original author)
			
 
				+            Karl Berry  <[email protected]>
			
 
				+            Olaf Bachmann <[email protected]>
			
 
				+            and many others.
			
 
				+Maintained by: Many creative people.
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.1.5 Comparison</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Comparison-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.1.5 Comparison</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>The file <samp><span class="file">compare.h</span></samp> contains a few function declarations
			
 
				+<p>The file &lsquo;<tt>compare.h</tt>&rsquo; contains a few function declarations
			
 
				 pertaining to the computation of the comparison predicate described in
			
 
				 <a href="Compare.html#Compare">Compare</a>. Some of the work is done by static functions in
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">compare.c</span></samp> that are not recommended entry points to the library.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_compare</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fcompare-476"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcompare_007d-477"></a>This function should be called once before the first call to
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>compare.c</tt>&rsquo; that are not recommended entry points to the library.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fcompare"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_compare</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-compare-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This function should be called once before the first call to
			
 
				 <code>avm_comparison</code>, as it initializes some necessary internal data
			
 
				-structures. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_compare</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fcompare-478"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function can be used to check for memory leaks, by detecting
			
 
				+structures.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fcompare"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_compare</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function can be used to check for memory leaks, by detecting
			
 
				 unreclaimed storage at the end of a run. The data structures relevant to
			
 
				 comparison that could be reported as unreclaimed are known as &ldquo;decision&rdquo;
			
 
				 nodes, but these should always be handled properly by the library
			
 
				 without intervention. If <code>avm_count_lists</code> is also being used, the
			
 
				-call to this function must precede it. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_comparison</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fcomparison-479"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function takes a list operand representing a pair of trees and
			
 
				+call to this function must precede it.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcomparison"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_comparison</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function takes a list operand representing a pair of trees and
			
 
				 returns a list representing the logical value of their equality. If the
			
 
				 operand is <code>NULL</code>, a message of invalid comparison is returned and
			
 
				-the <code>*</code><var>fault</var> is set to a non-zero value. If the <code>head</code> of the
			
 
				+the <code>*<var>fault</var></code> is set to a non-zero value. If the <code>head</code> of the
			
 
				 operand is unequal to the <code>tail</code>, a <code>NULL</code> value is
			
 
				 returned. If they are equal, a list is returned whose <code>head</code> and
			
 
				 <code>tail</code> are both <code>NULL</code>. The equality in question is structural
			
 
				-<a name="index-pointer-equality-480"></a>rather than pointer equality.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The list operand to this function may be modified by this function, but
			
 
				+<a name="index-pointer-equality-1"></a>
			
 
				+rather than pointer equality.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The list operand to this function may be modified by this function, but
			
 
				 not in a way that should make any difference to a client program. If two
			
 
				 lists are found to be equal, or if even two sublists are found to be
			
 
				 equal in the course of the comparison, one of them is deallocated and
			
 
				 made to point to the other. This action saves memory and may make
			
 
				 subsequent comparisons faster. However, it could disrupt client programs
			
 
				-<a name="index-pointers-481"></a>that happen to be holding stale list pointers.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p><a name="index-discontiguous-field-482"></a>As of <code>avram</code> version 0.6.0, a logical field called
			
 
				+<a name="index-pointers-3"></a>
			
 
				+that happen to be holding stale list pointers.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-discontiguous-field"></a>
			
 
				+<p>As of <code>avram</code> version 0.6.0, a logical field called
			
 
				 <code>discontiguous</code> has been added to the <code>node</code> record type
			
 
				 declared in <code>lists.h</code>, which is checked by the comparison
			
 
				 function. If a list node has its <code>discontiguous</code> field set to a
			
 
				 non-zero value, and if it also has a non-null <code>value</code> field, then
			
 
				-it won't be deallocated in the course of comparison even if it is
			
 
				+it won&rsquo;t be deallocated in the course of comparison even if it is
			
 
				 found to be equal to something else. This feature can be used by
			
 
				 client modules to create lists in which value fields refer to data
			
 
				 structures that are meant to exist independently of them. See
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">mpfr.c</span></samp> for an example.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function is likely to have better performance and memory usage than
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>mpfr.c</tt>&rsquo; for an example.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function is likely to have better performance and memory usage than
			
 
				 a naive implementation of comparison, for the above reasons and also
			
 
				 because of optimizations pertaining to comparison of lists representing
			
 
				 characters. Moreover, it is not subject to stack overflow exceptions
			
 
				-<a name="index-recursion-483"></a>because it is not written in a recursive style. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+<a name="index-recursion-4"></a>
			
 
				+because it is not written in a recursive style.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_binary_comparison</b> (<var>list left_operand, list right_operand, int *fault</var>)<var>;<a name="index-avm_005fbinary_005fcomparison-484"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is the same as <code>avm_comparison</code> except that it
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fbinary_005fcomparison"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_binary_comparison</b><i> (list <var>left_operand</var>, list <var>right_operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>);</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is the same as <code>avm_comparison</code> except that it
			
 
				 allows the left and right operands to be passed as separate lists
			
 
				 rather than taking them from the <code>head</code> and the <code>tail</code> of a
			
 
				-single list. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.5 Computable Error Messages</h5>
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.5 Computable Error Messages</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The automatic generation and reporting of error messages provides a
			
 
				 reasonable default behavior for applications that do not consider
			
 
				 exceptional conditions. All applications and their input data are
			
 
				-ordinarily members of the bottom level set in the hierarchy
			
 
				+ordinarily members of the bottom level set in the hierarchy 
			
 
				 (<a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#A-Hierarchy-of-Sets">A Hierarchy of Sets</a>).  The error messages caused by invalid
			
 
				 operations on this level are on the first level above the bottom, which
			
 
				 are recognized as such and written to standard error without
			
 
				 intervention from the application. However, there are two drawbacks to
			
 
				-this style of dealing with exceptions. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-exceptions-368"></a>
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>An application developer may wish to translate error messages
			
 
				+this style of dealing with exceptions.
			
 
				+<a name="index-exceptions-3"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> 
			
 
				+An application developer may wish to translate error messages
			
 
				 into terms that are meaningful to the user, not only by literally
			
 
				 translating them from English to the local vernacular, but perhaps by
			
 
				 relating the particular exceptional condition to application specific
			
 
				 causes. While it is convenient for the &ldquo;back end&rdquo; code not to be
			
 
				 required to intervene in the error reporting, it would be most
			
 
				-inconvenient for it not to be able to do so. 
			
 
				-<li>Some application specific errors might not correspond directly to any of
			
 
				+inconvenient for it not to be able to do so.
			
 
				+</li><li> 
			
 
				+Some application specific errors might not correspond directly to any of
			
 
				 the particular conditions detected automatically due to invalid
			
 
				 operations, for example a semantic error in a syntactically correct
			
 
				 input file. It might be convenient in such cases for an application to
			
 
				 be able to define its own error messages but still have them reported
			
 
				-automatically like the built in messages. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+automatically like the built in messages.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>These situations suggest a need for some ability on the part of an
			
 
				+<p>These situations suggest a need for some ability on the part of an
			
 
				 application to operate on error messages themselves. Based on the
			
 
				 operator semantics given so far, such an application is inexpressible,
			
 
				-because for any application <var>f</var><code>_0</code> and error message
			
 
				-<var>x</var><code>_1</code><!-- /@w -->, property <em>P44</em> stipulates <var>f</var><code>_0 </code><var>x</var><code>_1</code> =
			
 
				-<var>x</var><code>_1</code>, meaning that the resulting error message is
			
 
				+because for any application <code><var>f</var>_0</code> and error message
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var>_1</code>, property <em>P44</em> stipulates <code><var>f</var>_0 <var>x</var>_1</code> =
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var>_1</code>, meaning that the resulting error message is
			
 
				 unchanged. Therefore, we need to define another basic property of the
			
 
				 operator.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The following form of virtual code is used in applications that may need
			
 
				-to operate on error messages. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bguard_007d-369"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T32</em><dd>[[<code>guard</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code> = <code>((nil,</code><var>f</var><code>),</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The following form of virtual code is used in applications that may need
			
 
				+to operate on error messages.
			
 
				+<a name="index-guard"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T32</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>guard</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code> = <code>((nil,<var>f</var>),<var>g</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">Code in this form has the following semantics.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P53</em><dd>([[<code>guard</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var>
			
 
				-<var>x</var><code>_</code><var>p</var> =
			
 
				-<var>g</var><code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1) </code><var>f</var><code>_</code><var>n</var> <var>x</var><code>_</code><var>p</var>
			
 
				+<p>Code in this form has the following semantics.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P53</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>guard</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code>
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var>_<var>p</var></code> =
			
 
				+<code><var>g</var>_(<var>n</var>+1) <var>f</var>_<var>n</var> <var>x</var>_<var>p</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The intuitive explanation is that <var>f</var> is the main part of the
			
 
				-application, and <var>g</var> is the part of the application that
			
 
				-operates on the error message that comes from <var>f</var> if an
			
 
				+<p>The intuitive explanation is that <code><var>f</var></code> is the main part of the
			
 
				+application, and <code><var>g</var></code> is the part of the application that
			
 
				+operates on the error message that comes from <code><var>f</var></code> if an
			
 
				 exception occurs while it is being evaluated (i.e., the &ldquo;exception
			
 
				 handler&rdquo;). Typically the exception handler code implements a function
			
 
				 that takes an error message as an argument and returns an error message
			
 
				 as a result.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Where there is no exception, the exception handler
			
 
				-<var>g</var><code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code> is never used, because its argument will be
			
 
				-on level <var>n</var>, and therefore unaffected by an application on
			
 
				-level <var>n</var><code>+1</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Exception handlers may have their own exception handlers, which will be
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Where there is no exception, the exception handler
			
 
				+<code><var>g</var>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code> is never used, because its argument will be
			
 
				+on level <code><var>n</var></code>, and therefore unaffected by an application on
			
 
				+level <code><var>n</var>+1</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Exception handlers may have their own exception handlers, which will be
			
 
				 invoked if the evaluation of the exception handler causes a further
			
 
				 exception. Such an exception corresponds semantically to a value on the
			
 
				 next level of the hierarchy of sets.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<title>avram - a virtual machine code interpreter: Concept Index</title>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bapply_007d-374"><code>apply</code></a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-g_t_0040file_007bargz_002eh_007d-587"><samp><span class="file">argz.h</span></samp></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040file_007bargz_002eh_007d-107"><samp><span class="file">argz.h</span></samp></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-arrays-445">arrays</a>: <a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">One dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bask_002dto_002doverwrite_007d-command-line-option-32"><code>ask-to-overwrite</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-asprintf-774">asprintf</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#index-asprintf-770">asprintf</a>: <a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#math-library-conversion-functions">math library conversion functions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#index-author-354">author</a>: <a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">Operator Generalization</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-author-337">author</a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Internal-Errors.html#index-author-58">author</a>: <a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">Internal Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-autoconf-663">autoconf</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fcurrent_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-532"><code>avm_current_directory_prefix</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fpacket_007d-637"><code>avm_packet</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fparent_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-533"><code>avm_parent_directory_prefix</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005froot_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-534"><code>avm_root_directory_prefix</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bAVMINPUTS_007d-132"><code>AVMINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bAVMINPUTS_007d-64"><code>AVMINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-backward-compatability-655">backward compatability</a>: <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-backward-compatability-510">backward compatability</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-backward-compatibility-99">backward compatibility</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bessel-function-errors.html#index-bad-bessel-function-call-710">bad bessel function call</a>: <a href="Bessel-function-errors.html#Bessel-function-errors">Bessel function errors</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="gsldif-exceptions.html#index-bad-derivative-specification-720">bad derivative specification</a>: <a href="gsldif-exceptions.html#gsldif-exceptions">gsldif exceptions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="lapack-exceptions.html#index-bad-lapack-specification-758">bad lapack specification</a>: <a href="lapack-exceptions.html#lapack-exceptions">lapack exceptions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="umf-exceptions.html#index-bad-umf-specification-816">bad umf specification</a>: <a href="umf-exceptions.html#umf-exceptions">umf exceptions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bbyte_002dtransducer_007d-command-line-option-176"><code>byte-transducer</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bbyte_002dtransducer_007d-command-line-option-28"><code>byte-transducer</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-C_002b_002b-666">C++</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-c_002b_002bfilt-utility-668">c++filt utility</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-close_007d-623"><code>can't close</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-close_007d-576"><code>can't close</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-close_007d-72"><code>can't close</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-emulate-version_007d-96"><code>can't emulate version</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-read_007d-62"><code>can't read</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-spawn_007d-69"><code>can't spawn</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-622"><code>can't write</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-568"><code>can't write</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-551"><code>can't write</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-65"><code>can't write</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Cat.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcat_007d-342"><code>cat</code></a>: <a href="Cat.html#Cat">Cat</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcat_007d-334"><code>cat</code></a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
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				-<li><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#index-character-codes-200">character codes</a>: <a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">Byte Transducers</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-character-codes-163">character codes</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Blocking.html#index-character-codes-153">character codes</a>: <a href="Blocking.html#Blocking">Blocking</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-character-encodings-507">character encodings</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Character-Table.html#index-character-representations-698">character representations</a>: <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-character-strings-506">character strings</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-character-strings-358">character strings</a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-character-strings-191">character strings</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-character-strings-161">character strings</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format.html#index-checksums-156">checksums</a>: <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bchmod_007d-126"><code>chmod</code></a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bchoice_002dof_002doutput_007d-command-line-option-189"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bchoice_002dof_002doutput_007d-command-line-option-182"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bchoice_002dof_002doutput_007d-command-line-option-26"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-Cholesky-decomposition-764">Cholesky decomposition</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-Cholesky-decomposition-754">Cholesky decomposition</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-coding-standards-673">coding standards</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="umf-input-parameters.html#index-column-major-order-815">column major order</a>: <a href="umf-input-parameters.html#umf-input-parameters">umf input parameters</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-column-major-order-466">column major order</a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-column-major-order-457">column major order</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recursion.html#index-combinators-296">combinators</a>: <a href="Recursion.html#Recursion">Recursion</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-command-line-584">command line</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-command-line-236">command line</a>: <a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">Character Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-command-line-231">command line</a>: <a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">Line Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#index-command-line-220">command line</a>: <a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#Input-for-Mapped-Applications">Input for Mapped Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-command-line-203">command line</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-command-line-46">command line</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcompare_007d-477"><code>compare</code></a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Compare.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcompare_007d-311"><code>compare</code></a>: <a href="Compare.html#Compare">Compare</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-binary-predicates.html#index-compare-combinator-796">compare combinator</a>: <a href="mpfr-binary-predicates.html#mpfr-binary-predicates">mpfr binary predicates</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#index-compare-combinator-779">compare combinator</a>: <a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#Additional-math-library-notes">Additional math library notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="complex.html#index-complex-numbers-711">complex numbers</a>: <a href="complex.html#complex">complex</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcompose_007d-272"><code>compose</code></a>: <a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks">How &lt;code&gt;avram&lt;/code&gt; Thinks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcompose_007d-268"><code>compose</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Weight.html#index-compression-287">compression</a>: <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-concatenation-431">concatenation</a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Cat.html#index-concatenation-343">concatenation</a>: <a href="Cat.html#Cat">Cat</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-concatenation-335">concatenation</a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-concurrency-646">concurrency</a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bconditional_007d-274"><code>conditional</code></a>: <a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks">How &lt;code&gt;avram&lt;/code&gt; Thinks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bconditional_007d-269"><code>conditional</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="umf.html#index-conjugate-transpose-814">conjugate transpose</a>: <a href="umf.html#umf">umf</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcons_007d-351"><code>cons</code></a>: <a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">Operator Generalization</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-New-Operator.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcons_007d-240"><code>cons</code></a>: <a href="A-New-Operator.html#A-New-Operator">A New Operator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Material.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcons_007d-143"><code>cons</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bconstant_007d-273"><code>constant</code></a>: <a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks">How &lt;code&gt;avram&lt;/code&gt; Thinks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bconstant_007d-266"><code>constant</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol.html#index-constrained-non_002dlinear-optimization-740">constrained non-linear optimization</a>: <a href="kinsol.html#kinsol">kinsol</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#index-constrained-optimization-788">constrained optimization</a>: <a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#Additional-minpack-notes">Additional minpack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-kinsol-notes.html#index-constraints-746">constraints</a>: <a href="Additional-kinsol-notes.html#Additional-kinsol-notes">Additional kinsol notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-glpk-notes.html#index-constraints-717">constraints</a>: <a href="Additional-glpk-notes.html#Additional-glpk-notes">Additional glpk notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslevu.html#index-convergence-723">convergence</a>: <a href="gslevu.html#gslevu">gslevu</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-copyright-672">copyright</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-correlation-765">correlation</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcounter_007d-635"><code>counter</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcounter_007d-411"><code>counter</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcounter-overflow_007d-540"><code>counter overflow</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Overflow-Errors.html#index-counter-overflow-74">counter overflow</a>: <a href="Overflow-Errors.html#Overflow-Errors">Overflow Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bcouple_007d-267"><code>couple</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-covariance-matrix-766">covariance matrix</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-covariance-matrix-382">covariance matrix</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#index-cumulative-probability-809">cumulative probability</a>: <a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#rmath-statistical-functions">rmath statistical functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-current-time-207">current time</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-date-205">date</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-deadlock-594">deadlock</a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-deadlock-385">deadlock</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-deadlock-235">deadlock</a>: <a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">Line Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#index-Debian-791">Debian</a>: <a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#Additional-minpack-notes">Additional minpack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-Debian-669">Debian</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-debugging-376">debugging</a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-deconstruction-485">deconstruction</a>: <a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">Deconstruction Functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-deconstruction-370">deconstruction</a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Deconstruction.html#index-deconstruction-290">deconstruction</a>: <a href="Deconstruction.html#Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#index-deconstruction-152">deconstruction</a>: <a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#Bit-String-Encoding">Bit String Encoding</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-default-file-extensions-34">default file extensions</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bdefault_002dto_002dstdin_007d-command-line-option-123"><code>default-to-stdin</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bdefault_002dto_002dstdin_007d-command-line-option-38"><code>default-to-stdin</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Semantics.html#index-denotational-semantics-258">denotational semantics</a>: <a href="Semantics.html#Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Diagnostics.html#index-diagnostics-52">diagnostics</a>: <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-dimensionality-reduction-760">dimensionality reduction</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-discontiguous-field-482">discontiguous field</a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Distribute.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bdistribute_007d-345"><code>distribute</code></a>: <a href="Distribute.html#Distribute">Distribute</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-distributed-implementation-323">distributed implementation</a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#index-distributed-implementation-149">distributed implementation</a>: <a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#Bit-String-Encoding">Bit String Encoding</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#index-distributions-806">distributions</a>: <a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#rmath-statistical-functions">rmath statistical functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-eigenvectors-753">eigenvectors</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Internal-Errors.html#index-email-57">email</a>: <a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">Internal Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-emulation-10">emulation</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bemulation_007d-command-line-option-97"><code>emulation</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bemulation_007d-command-line-option-12"><code>emulation</code> command line option</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-environment-589">environment</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-environment-202">environment</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-environment-131">environment</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-environment-104">environment</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-environment-63">environment</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preface.html#index-environment-2">environment</a>: <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-eof-384">eof</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Compare.html#index-equality-312">equality</a>: <a href="Compare.html#Compare">Compare</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#index-equality-278">equality</a>: <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="On-Equality.html#index-equality-241">equality</a>: <a href="On-Equality.html#On-Equality">On Equality</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-error-messages-606">error messages</a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-error-messages-425">error messages</a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Expedient-Error-Messages.html#index-error-messages-367">error messages</a>: <a href="Expedient-Error-Messages.html#Expedient-Error-Messages">Expedient Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Diagnostics.html#index-error-messages-53">error messages</a>: <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-exceptions-424">exceptions</a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#index-exceptions-368">exceptions</a>: <a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#Computable-Error-Messages">Computable Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handling.html#index-exceptions-348">exceptions</a>: <a href="Exception-Handling.html#Exception-Handling">Exception Handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-exceptions-250">exceptions</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bugs.html#index-exceptions-140">exceptions</a>: <a href="Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-executable-files-565">executable files</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-executable-files-125">executable files</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bexp_005fpopen_007d-233"><code>exp_popen</code></a>: <a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">Line Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bexp_005fpopen_007d-70"><code>exp_popen</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-expect-67">expect</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bEXT_007d-command-line-option-136"><code>EXT</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bEXT_007d-command-line-option-33"><code>EXT</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-extensions-109">extensions</a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-extensions-35">extensions</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bexternal_002dlibraries_007d-16"><code>external-libraries</code></a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfacilitator_007d-644"><code>facilitator</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Fan.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfan_007d-294"><code>fan</code></a>: <a href="Fan.html#Fan">Fan</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#index-feclearexcept-778">feclearexcept</a>: <a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#Additional-math-library-notes">Additional math library notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-362"><code>field</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Assignment.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-309"><code>field</code></a>: <a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Field.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-293"><code>field</code></a>: <a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-file-extensions-110">file extensions</a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-file-format-184">file format</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format.html#index-file-format-154">file format</a>: <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-file-name-extensions-112">file name extensions</a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-file-name-extensions-36">file name extensions</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-file-name-suffixes-113">file name suffixes</a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-file-name-suffixes-37">file name suffixes</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-file-names-528">file names</a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-file-names-209">file names</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-file-names-61">file names</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-file-parameters-48">file parameters</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfilter_007d-320"><code>filter</code></a>: <a href="Filter.html#Filter">Filter</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#index-filter-mode-171">filter mode</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#Filter-Mode-Interface">Filter Mode Interface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Security.html#index-filter-mode-116">filter mode</a>: <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode.html#index-filter-mode-21">filter mode</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode.html#Filter-Mode">Filter Mode</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bflag_007d-636"><code>flag</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transpose.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bflat_007d-347"><code>flat</code></a>: <a href="Transpose.html#Transpose">Transpose</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-fold-322">fold</a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bforce_002dtext_002dinput_007d-command-line-option-183"><code>force-text-input</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bforce_002dtext_002dinput_007d-command-line-option-18"><code>force-text-input</code> command line option</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack.html#index-Fortran-747">Fortran</a>: <a href="lapack.html#lapack">lapack</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-Fortran-665">Fortran</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="External-Library-Maintenance.html#index-Fortran-653">Fortran</a>: <a href="External-Library-Maintenance.html#External-Library-Maintenance">External Library Maintenance</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-Fortran-455">Fortran</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="harminv.html#index-Fourier-transforms-737">Fourier transforms</a>: <a href="harminv.html#harminv">harminv</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="fftw.html#index-Fourier-transforms-712">Fourier transforms</a>: <a href="fftw.html#fftw">fftw</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-ftp-383">ftp</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-functional-programming-377">functional programming</a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Combinators.html#index-functional-programming-318">functional programming</a>: <a href="List-Combinators.html#List-Combinators">List Combinators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recursion.html#index-functional-programming-297">functional programming</a>: <a href="Recursion.html#Recursion">Recursion</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="User-Manual.html#index-functional-programming-8">functional programming</a>: <a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual">User Manual</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preface.html#index-functional-programming-1">functional programming</a>: <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath-miscellaneous-functions.html#index-gamma-functions-810">gamma functions</a>: <a href="rmath-miscellaneous-functions.html#rmath-miscellaneous-functions">rmath miscellaneous functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-unary-operators.html#index-gamma-functions-794">gamma functions</a>: <a href="mpfr-unary-operators.html#mpfr-unary-operators">mpfr unary operators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-generalized-least-squares-762">generalized least squares</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-generalized-least-squares-755">generalized least squares</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-mpfr-notes.html#index-gmp-library-801">gmp library</a>: <a href="Additional-mpfr-notes.html#Additional-mpfr-notes">Additional mpfr notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-GNU-R-380">GNU R</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gsldif-output.html#index-GNU-Scientific-Library-719">GNU Scientific Library</a>: <a href="gsldif-output.html#gsldif-output">gsldif output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Syntax.html#index-grammar-254">grammar</a>: <a href="Syntax.html#Syntax">Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bguard_007d-372"><code>guard</code></a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bguard_007d-369"><code>guard</code></a>: <a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#Computable-Error-Messages">Computable Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="harminv.html#index-harminv-735">harminv</a>: <a href="harminv.html#harminv">harminv</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="fftw.html#index-Hartley-transforms-713">Hartley transforms</a>: <a href="fftw.html#fftw">fftw</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bhead_007d-field-397"><code>head</code> field</a>: <a href="Lists.html#Lists">Lists</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#index-header-file-790">header file</a>: <a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#Additional-minpack-notes">Additional minpack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-header-file-659">header file</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-help-9">help</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bhelp_007d-command-line-option-114"><code>help</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bhelp_007d-command-line-option-11"><code>help</code> command line option</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-Hermitian-matrix-757">Hermitian matrix</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bhired_007d-375"><code>hired</code></a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bhired_007d-275"><code>hired</code></a>: <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-home-page-14">home page</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bI-need-avram-linked-with_007d-95"><code>I need avram linked with</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-i_002fo-errors-59">i/o errors</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#index-identifiers-271">identifiers</a>: <a href="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks.html#How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks">How &lt;code&gt;avram&lt;/code&gt; Thinks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bidentity_007d-373"><code>identity</code></a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bidentity_007d-262"><code>identity</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#index-identity-function-146">identity function</a>: <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-imperative-programming-378">imperative programming</a>: <a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">Exception Handler Usage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Combinators.html#index-imperative-programming-317">imperative programming</a>: <a href="List-Combinators.html#List-Combinators">List Combinators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Assignment.html#index-imperative-programming-304">imperative programming</a>: <a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bimpetus_007d-643"><code>impetus</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-gslint-notes.html#index-improper-integrals-733">improper integrals</a>: <a href="Additional-gslint-notes.html#Additional-gslint-notes">Additional gslint notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-include-directives-664">include directives</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslevu.html#index-infinite-series-722">infinite series</a>: <a href="gslevu.html#gslevu">gslevu</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#index-infinite-streams-198">infinite streams</a>: <a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">Byte Transducers</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Maps.html#index-infinite-streams-196">infinite streams</a>: <a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#index-infinite-streams-178">infinite streams</a>: <a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslevu-calling-conventions.html#index-infinite-sum-725">infinite sum</a>: <a href="gslevu-calling-conventions.html#gslevu-calling-conventions">gslevu calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-input-files-49">input files</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Insert.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binsert_007d-700"><code>insert</code></a>: <a href="Insert.html#Insert">Insert</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Sort.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binsert_007d-330"><code>insert</code></a>: <a href="Sort.html#Sort">Sort</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binstruction_005fnode_007d-645"><code>instruction_node</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-interactive-applications-524">interactive applications</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Security.html#index-interactive-applications-119">interactive applications</a>: <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-interactive-applications-42">interactive applications</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binteractive_007d-command-line-option-228"><code>interactive</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binteractive_007d-command-line-option-221"><code>interactive</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binteractive_007d-command-line-option-41"><code>interactive</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-internal-error-689">internal error</a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bugs.html#index-internal-errors-138">internal errors</a>: <a href="Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Internal-Errors.html#index-internal-errors-55">internal errors</a>: <a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">Internal Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binterpretation_007d-642"><code>interpretation</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-invalid-asprintf-specifier-773">invalid asprintf specifier</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-assignment_007d-90"><code>invalid assignment</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-comparison_007d-84"><code>invalid comparison</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-concatenation_007d-89"><code>invalid concatenation</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-deconstruction_007d-85"><code>invalid deconstruction</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-distribution_007d-88"><code>invalid distribution</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-name_007d-544"><code>invalid file name</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-specification_007d-575"><code>invalid file specification</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-specification_007d-81"><code>invalid file specification</code></a>: <a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">File Format Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-membership_007d-87"><code>invalid membership</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-output-preamble-format_007d-566"><code>invalid output preamble format</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-output-preamble-format_007d-80"><code>invalid output preamble format</code></a>: <a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">File Format Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-profile-identifier_007d-624"><code>invalid profile identifier</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-profile-identifier_007d-92"><code>invalid profile identifier</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-raw-file-format_007d-559"><code>invalid raw file format</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-raw-file-format_007d-548"><code>invalid raw file format</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-raw-file-format_007d-82"><code>invalid raw file format</code></a>: <a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">File Format Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-recursion_007d-83"><code>invalid recursion</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-invalid-text-format-776">invalid text format</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-text-format_007d-567"><code>invalid text format</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-text-format_007d-77"><code>invalid text format</code></a>: <a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">File Format Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-transpose_007d-86"><code>invalid transpose</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-invalid-value-772">invalid value</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-invalid-value-706">invalid value</a>: <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-invalid-value-442">invalid value</a>: <a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Assignment.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bisolate_007d-308"><code>isolate</code></a>: <a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bisolate_007d-276"><code>isolate</code></a>: <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-g_t_0040code_007biterate_007d-325"><code>iterate</code></a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Iteration.html#index-g_t_0040code_007biterate_007d-315"><code>iterate</code></a>: <a href="Iteration.html#Iteration">Iteration</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#index-Jacobian-787">Jacobian</a>: <a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#Additional-minpack-notes">Additional minpack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack-calling-conventions.html#index-Jacobian-783">Jacobian</a>: <a href="minpack-calling-conventions.html#minpack-calling-conventions">minpack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-kinsol-notes.html#index-Jacobian-745">Jacobian</a>: <a href="Additional-kinsol-notes.html#Additional-kinsol-notes">Additional kinsol notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol-input-parameters.html#index-Jacobian-741">Jacobian</a>: <a href="kinsol-input-parameters.html#kinsol-input-parameters">kinsol input parameters</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bjail_007d-17"><code>jail</code></a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preface.html#index-Java-6">Java</a>: <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-exceptions.html#index-lapack-error-759">lapack error</a>: <a href="lapack-exceptions.html#lapack-exceptions">lapack exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack.html#index-least-squares-782">least squares</a>: <a href="minpack.html#minpack">minpack</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-least-squares-761">least squares</a>: <a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">Additional lapack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-least-squares-756">least squares</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="harminv.html#index-least-squares-736">least squares</a>: <a href="harminv.html#harminv">harminv</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bleft_007d-363"><code>left</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Field.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bleft_007d-291"><code>left</code></a>: <a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bleft_007d-263"><code>left</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslevu.html#index-Levin-u_002dtransform-724">Levin u-transform</a>: <a href="gslevu.html#gslevu">gslevu</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-libexpect-68">libexpect</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-library-interfac-source-file-661">library interfac source file</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-library-interface-header-file-660">library interface header file</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-library-modules-259">library modules</a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-licensing-restrictions-671">licensing restrictions</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-line-breaks-564">line breaks</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-line-breaks-557">line breaks</a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-line-breaks-238">line breaks</a>: <a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">Character Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Maps.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-193"><code>line-map</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-175"><code>line-map</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-27"><code>line-map</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack.html#index-linear-algebra-748">linear algebra</a>: <a href="lapack.html#lapack">lapack</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lpsolve-calling-conventions.html#index-linear-programming-804">linear programming</a>: <a href="lpsolve-calling-conventions.html#lpsolve-calling-conventions">lpsolve calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lpsolve.html#index-linear-programming-803">linear programming</a>: <a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve">lpsolve</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="glpk.html#index-linear-programming-714">linear programming</a>: <a href="glpk.html#glpk">glpk</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists.html#index-lists-396">lists</a>: <a href="Lists.html#Lists">Lists</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Functions.html#index-lists-341">lists</a>: <a href="List-Functions.html#List-Functions">List Functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Combinators.html#index-lists-316">lists</a>: <a href="List-Combinators.html#List-Combinators">List Combinators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-lists-251">lists</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-lists-162">lists</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Material.html#index-lists-141">lists</a>: <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-LU-decomposition-453">LU decomposition</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Map.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmap_007d-319"><code>map</code></a>: <a href="Map.html#Map">Map</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmap_002dto_002deach_002dfile_007d-command-line-option-219"><code>map-to-each-file</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#Input-for-Mapped-Applications">Input for Mapped Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmap_002dto_002deach_002dfile_007d-command-line-option-40"><code>map-to-each-file</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Mapcur.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmapcur_007d-339"><code>mapcur</code></a>: <a href="Mapcur.html#Mapcur">Mapcur</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-matrices-450">matrices</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-matrix-memory-map-461">matrix memory map</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmember_007d-435"><code>member</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Member.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmember_007d-313"><code>member</code></a>: <a href="Member.html#Member">Member</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmemory-overflow_007d-541"><code>memory overflow</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Overflow-Errors.html#index-memory-overflow-75">memory overflow</a>: <a href="Overflow-Errors.html#Overflow-Errors">Overflow Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recur.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmeta_007d-298"><code>meta</code></a>: <a href="Recur.html#Recur">Recur</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmeta_007d-265"><code>meta</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack-exceptions.html#index-minpack-error-786">minpack error</a>: <a href="minpack-exceptions.html#minpack-exceptions">minpack exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-missing-value-771">missing value</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-missing-value-705">missing value</a>: <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-missing-value-441">missing value</a>: <a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lpsolve-calling-conventions.html#index-mixed-integer-programming-805">mixed integer programming</a>: <a href="lpsolve-calling-conventions.html#lpsolve-calling-conventions">lpsolve calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lpsolve.html#index-mixed-integer-programming-802">mixed integer programming</a>: <a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve">lpsolve</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-mnemonics-270">mnemonics</a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#index-modes-173">modes</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#Filter-Mode-Interface">Filter Mode Interface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode.html#index-modes-22">modes</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode.html#Filter-Mode">Filter Mode</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Modes-of-Operation.html#index-modes-19">modes</a>: <a href="Modes-of-Operation.html#Modes-of-Operation">Modes of Operation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-exceptions.html#index-mpfr-error-800">mpfr error</a>: <a href="mpfr-exceptions.html#mpfr-exceptions">mpfr exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmultiple-_002d_002eEXT-options_007d-108"><code>multiple -.EXT options</code></a>: <a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-multiple-character-encodings-508">multiple character encodings</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bmultiple-version-specifications_007d-100"><code>multiple version specifications</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#index-multivariate-normal-distrubution-381">multivariate normal distrubution</a>: <a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">Interaction combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-constants.html#index-nan-797">nan</a>: <a href="mpfr-constants.html#mpfr-constants">mpfr constants</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#index-nan-777">nan</a>: <a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#Additional-math-library-notes">Additional math library notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-native-integer-arithmetic-438">native integer arithmetic</a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Weight.html#index-native-integer-arithmetic-288">native integer arithmetic</a>: <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-naturals-414">naturals</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-naturals-215">naturals</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-naturals-167">naturals</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnil_007d-261"><code>nil</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnil_007d-159"><code>nil</code></a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Material.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnil_007d-142"><code>nil</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-nm-utility-667">nm utility</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslint-output.html#index-non_002dadaptive-integration-730">non-adaptive integration</a>: <a href="gslint-output.html#gslint-output">gslint output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol-output.html#index-non_002dconvergence-742">non-convergence</a>: <a href="kinsol-output.html#kinsol-output">kinsol output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack.html#index-non_002dlinear-optimization-781">non-linear optimization</a>: <a href="minpack.html#minpack">minpack</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol.html#index-non_002dlinear-optimization-739">non-linear optimization</a>: <a href="kinsol.html#kinsol">kinsol</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-non_002dlocal-jumps-691">non-local jumps</a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-non_002dstandard-installation-128">non-standard installation</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnot-writing_007d-file-name-571"><code>not writing</code> file name</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profile.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnote_007d-285"><code>note</code></a>: <a href="Profile.html#Profile">Profile</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Note.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnote_007d-281"><code>note</code></a>: <a href="Note.html#Note">Note</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnull-character-in-file-name_007d-542"><code>null character in file name</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnull-character-in-file-name_007d-78"><code>null character in file name</code></a>: <a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">File Format Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gsldif.html#index-numerical-differentiation-718">numerical differentiation</a>: <a href="gsldif.html#gsldif">gsldif</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslint.html#index-numerical-integration-726">numerical integration</a>: <a href="gslint.html#gslint">gslint</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Syntax.html#index-operator-precedence-256">operator precedence</a>: <a href="Syntax.html#Syntax">Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-operator-properties-247">operator properties</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol.html#index-optimization-738">optimization</a>: <a href="kinsol.html#kinsol">kinsol</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-overflow-423">overflow</a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-overflow-399">overflow</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Weight.html#index-overflow-289">overflow</a>: <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Overflow-Errors.html#index-overflow-73">overflow</a>: <a href="Overflow-Errors.html#Overflow-Errors">Overflow Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-packed-arrays-458">packed arrays</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-pairs-165">pairs</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Pairwise.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bpairwise_007d-699"><code>pairwise</code></a>: <a href="Pairwise.html#Pairwise">Pairwise</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bpairwise_007d-326"><code>pairwise</code></a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Interface.html#index-parameter-mode-201">parameter mode</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Interface.html#Parameter-Mode-Interface">Parameter Mode Interface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#index-parameter-mode-172">parameter mode</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#Filter-Mode-Interface">Filter Mode Interface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Security.html#index-parameter-mode-117">parameter mode</a>: <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-parameter-mode-30">parameter mode</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode.html#index-parameter-mode-24">parameter mode</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode">Parameter Mode</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bparameterized_007d-command-line-option-45"><code>parameterized</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-path-separators-50">path separators</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-paths-224">paths</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-paths-210">paths</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-paths-133">paths</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-paths-127">paths</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-paths-103">paths</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-pointer-equality-480">pointer equality</a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="On-Equality.html#index-pointer-equality-244">pointer equality</a>: <a href="On-Equality.html#On-Equality">On Equality</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-pointers-489">pointers</a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-pointers-481">pointers</a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-pointers-389">pointers</a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="On-Equality.html#index-pointers-245">pointers</a>: <a href="On-Equality.html#On-Equality">On Equality</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preface.html#index-pointers-5">pointers</a>: <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bport_007d-628"><code>port</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bport_005fpair_007d-630"><code>port_pair</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-portability-697">portability</a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-portability-682">portability</a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bportal_007d-629"><code>portal</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-preamble-562">preamble</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-preamble-556">preamble</a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-preamble-550">preamble</a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-preamble-223">preamble</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-preamble-213">preamble</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-preamble-190">preamble</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-preamble-185">preamble</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preamble-Section.html#index-preamble-157">preamble</a>: <a href="Preamble-Section.html#Preamble-Section">Preamble Section</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Syntax.html#index-precedence-255">precedence</a>: <a href="Syntax.html#Syntax">Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-binary-operators-with-a-natural-operand.html#index-precision-795">precision</a>: <a href="mpfr-binary-operators-with-a-natural-operand.html#mpfr-binary-operators-with-a-natural-operand">mpfr binary operators with a natural operand</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-binary-operators.html#index-precision-793">precision</a>: <a href="mpfr-binary-operators.html#mpfr-binary-operators">mpfr binary operators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-predicates.html#index-predicates-768">predicates</a>: <a href="math-library-predicates.html#math-library-predicates">math library predicates</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Predicates.html#index-predicates-310">predicates</a>: <a href="Predicates.html#Predicates">Predicates</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-printing-algorithm-192">printing algorithm</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#index-printing-algorithm-151">printing algorithm</a>: <a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#Bit-String-Encoding">Bit String Encoding</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#index-probability-distributions-807">probability distributions</a>: <a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#rmath-statistical-functions">rmath statistical functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040file_007bprofile_002eh_007d-616"><samp><span class="file">profile.h</span></samp></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profile.html#index-g_t_0040file_007bprofile_002etxt_007d-284"><samp><span class="file">profile.txt</span></samp></a>: <a href="Profile.html#Profile">Profile</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Files.html#index-g_t_0040file_007bprofile_002etxt_007d-130"><samp><span class="file">profile.txt</span></samp></a>: <a href="Files.html#Files">Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-prompts-234">prompts</a>: <a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">Line Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-properties-246">properties</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-queues-490">queues</a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-queues-408">queues</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#index-queues-150">queues</a>: <a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#Bit-String-Encoding">Bit String Encoding</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bquiet_007d-command-line-option-31"><code>quiet</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-random-number-generators-676">random number generators</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr-functions-with-miscellaneous-calling-conventions.html#index-random-numbers-798">random numbers</a>: <a href="mpfr-functions-with-miscellaneous-calling-conventions.html#mpfr-functions-with-miscellaneous-calling-conventions">mpfr functions with miscellaneous calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mtwist.html#index-random-numbers-780">random numbers</a>: <a href="mtwist.html#mtwist">mtwist</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007braw_002dmode_007d-command-line-option-181"><code>raw-mode</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007braw_002doutput_007d-command-line-option-188"><code>raw-output</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-raw_002doutput-command-line-option-25">raw-output command line option</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#index-re_002dentrancy-789">re-entrancy</a>: <a href="Additional-minpack-notes.html#Additional-minpack-notes">Additional minpack notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007brecur_007d-360"><code>recur</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recur.html#index-g_t_0040code_007brecur_007d-299"><code>recur</code></a>: <a href="Recur.html#Recur">Recur</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-recursion-483">recursion</a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Mapcur.html#index-recursion-340">recursion</a>: <a href="Mapcur.html#Mapcur">Mapcur</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-recursion-324">recursion</a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Iteration.html#index-recursion-314">recursion</a>: <a href="Iteration.html#Iteration">Iteration</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recursion.html#index-recursion-295">recursion</a>: <a href="Recursion.html#Recursion">Recursion</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-g_t_0040code_007breduce_007d-321"><code>reduce</code></a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-reductions-621">reductions</a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Refer.html#index-g_t_0040code_007brefer_007d-300"><code>refer</code></a>: <a href="Refer.html#Refer">Refer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-reference-count-405">reference count</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-reference-count-390">reference count</a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-relative-path-212">relative path</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Replace.html#index-g_t_0040code_007breplace_007d-701"><code>replace</code></a>: <a href="Replace.html#Replace">Replace</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007breplace_007d-365"><code>replace</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Assignment.html#index-g_t_0040code_007breplace_007d-307"><code>replace</code></a>: <a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reverse.html#index-g_t_0040code_007breverse_007d-344"><code>reverse</code></a>: <a href="Reverse.html#Reverse">Reverse</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-364"><code>right</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Reduce.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-328"><code>right</code></a>: <a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">Reduce</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Field.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-292"><code>right</code></a>: <a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-264"><code>right</code></a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr.html#index-rounding-792">rounding</a>: <a href="mpfr.html#mpfr">mpfr</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-row-major-order-469">row major order</a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Diagnostics.html#index-run-time-errors-54">run time errors</a>: <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bscore_007d-617"><code>score</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-script-120">script</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-search-paths-134">search paths</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-search-paths-102">search paths</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bsearch-paths-not-supported_007d-586"><code>search paths not supported</code></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bsearch-paths-not-supported_007d-106"><code>search paths not supported</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-security-590">security</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-security-574">security</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Security.html#index-security-115">security</a>: <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-segmentation-fault-775">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">math library exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslint-input-parameters.html#index-segmentation-fault-728">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="gslint-input-parameters.html#gslint-input-parameters">gslint input parameters</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-gsldif-notes.html#index-segmentation-fault-721">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="Additional-gsldif-notes.html#Additional-gsldif-notes">Additional gsldif notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-segmentation-fault-467">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-segmentation-fault-464">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-segmentation-fault-449">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">One dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-segmentation-fault-444">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-segmentation-fault-404">segmentation fault</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-semantic-function-359">semantic function</a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Semantics.html#index-semantic-function-257">semantic function</a>: <a href="Semantics.html#Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-gslint-notes.html#index-setjmp-734">setjmp</a>: <a href="Additional-gslint-notes.html#Additional-gslint-notes">Additional gslint notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-setjmp-692">setjmp</a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#index-shell-230">shell</a>: <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-shell-66">shell</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-shell-47">shell</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Environment.html#index-shell-script-135">shell script</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-shell-script-121">shell script</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bsilly_007d-252"><code>silly</code></a>: <a href="A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language.html#A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language">A Simple Lisp Like Language</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bsilly_002dme_007d-356"><code>silly-me</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack.html#index-single-precision-749">single precision</a>: <a href="lapack.html#lapack">lapack</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-singular-value-decomposition-752">singular value decomposition</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslint-exceptions.html#index-slow-convergence-732">slow convergence</a>: <a href="gslint-exceptions.html#gslint-exceptions">gslint exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Sort.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bsort_007d-329"><code>sort</code></a>: <a href="Sort.html#Sort">Sort</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="umf.html#index-sparse-matrices-813">sparse matrices</a>: <a href="umf.html#umf">umf</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Additional-glpk-notes.html#index-sparse-matrix-716">sparse matrix</a>: <a href="Additional-glpk-notes.html#Additional-glpk-notes">Additional glpk notes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="glpk-input-parameters.html#index-sparse-matrix-715">sparse matrix</a>: <a href="glpk-input-parameters.html#glpk-input-parameters">glpk input parameters</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Library-Reference.html#index-spawning-processes-394">spawning processes</a>: <a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference">Library Reference</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-spawning-processes-237">spawning processes</a>: <a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">Character Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-spawning-processes-232">spawning processes</a>: <a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">Line Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-spawning-processes-71">spawning processes</a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-standard-character-encoding-509">standard character encoding</a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-standard-input-538">standard input</a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-standard-input-225">standard input</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Maps.html#index-standard-input-194">standard input</a>: <a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-standard-input-179">standard input</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#index-standard-input-177">standard input</a>: <a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#index-standard-input-174">standard input</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Interface.html#Filter-Mode-Interface">Filter Mode Interface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Security.html#index-standard-input-118">standard input</a>: <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-standard-input-39">standard input</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode.html#index-standard-input-23">standard input</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode.html#Filter-Mode">Filter Mode</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="User-Manual.html#index-standard-input-7">standard input</a>: <a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual">User Manual</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Refer.html#index-standard-library-302">standard library</a>: <a href="Refer.html#Refer">Refer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-standard-output-573">standard output</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-standard-output-539">standard output</a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-standard-output-416">standard output</a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-standard-output-226">standard output</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Line-Maps.html#index-standard-output-195">standard output</a>: <a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-standard-output-187">standard output</a>: <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-standard-prelude-260">standard prelude</a>: <a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-state-dependence-670">state dependence</a>: <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-state-transition-function-332">state transition function</a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#index-statistical-distributions-808">statistical distributions</a>: <a href="rmath-statistical-functions.html#rmath-statistical-functions">rmath statistical functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstep_007d-command-line-option-229"><code>step</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstep_007d-command-line-option-222"><code>step</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstep_007d-command-line-option-43"><code>step</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Assignment.html#index-storage-locations-306">storage locations</a>: <a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-625"><code>strerror</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-612"><code>strerror</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-569"><code>strerror</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-552"><code>strerror</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-60"><code>strerror</code></a>: <a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-strings-357">strings</a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-strings-160">strings</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#index-strtod-769">strtod</a>: <a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#math-library-conversion-functions">math library conversion functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-symmetric-matrices-750">symmetric matrices</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-symmetric-matrix-452">symmetric matrix</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Syntax.html#index-syntax-253">syntax</a>: <a href="Syntax.html#Syntax">Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-system-time-206">system time</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btail_007d-field-398"><code>tail</code> field</a>: <a href="Lists.html#Lists">Lists</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-text-files-214">text files</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-text-files-186">text files</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Format.html#index-text-files-155">text files</a>: <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-threads-647">threads</a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Library-Reference.html#index-threads-393">threads</a>: <a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference">Library Reference</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-time-stamp-204">time stamp</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack-calling-conventions.html#index-tolerance-784">tolerance</a>: <a href="minpack-calling-conventions.html#minpack-calling-conventions">minpack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="kinsol-output.html#index-tolerance-743">tolerance</a>: <a href="kinsol-output.html#kinsol-output">kinsol output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="gslint-input-parameters.html#index-tolerance-727">tolerance</a>: <a href="gslint-input-parameters.html#gslint-input-parameters">gslint input parameters</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btrace_007d-command-line-option-44"><code>trace</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btransfer_007d-331"><code>transfer</code></a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transition.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btransition_007d-702"><code>transition</code></a>: <a href="Transition.html#Transition">Transition</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transfer.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btransition_007d-333"><code>transition</code></a>: <a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">Transfer</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btranspose_007d-433"><code>transpose</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btranspose_007d-361"><code>transpose</code></a>: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Transpose.html#index-g_t_0040code_007btranspose_007d-346"><code>transpose</code></a>: <a href="Transpose.html#Transpose">Transpose</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-trees-496">trees</a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-trees-391">trees</a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#index-trees-349">trees</a>: <a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#A-Hierarchy-of-Sets">A Hierarchy of Sets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-trees-158">trees</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#index-trees-148">trees</a>: <a href="Bit-String-Encoding.html#Bit-String-Encoding">Bit String Encoding</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Material.html#index-trees-144">trees</a>: <a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">Raw Material</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-triangular-matrices-751">triangular matrices</a>: <a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">lapack calling conventions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-triangular-matrix-451">triangular matrix</a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="math-library-operators.html#index-trigonometric-functions-767">trigonometric functions</a>: <a href="math-library-operators.html#math-library-operators">math library operators</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-Turing-equivalence-249">Turing equivalence</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Note.html#index-type-tags-283">type tags</a>: <a href="Note.html#Note">Note</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-types-170">types</a>: <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Overflow-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040command_007bulimit_007d-76"><samp><span class="command">ulimit</span></samp></a>: <a href="Overflow-Errors.html#Overflow-Errors">Overflow Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="umf-exceptions.html#index-umf-error-817">umf error</a>: <a href="umf-exceptions.html#umf-exceptions">umf exceptions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#index-undefined-expressions-353">undefined expressions</a>: <a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">Operator Generalization</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="On-Equality.html#index-undefined-expressions-243">undefined expressions</a>: <a href="On-Equality.html#On-Equality">On Equality</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-universal-function-501">universal function</a>: <a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#index-universal-quantification-352">universal quantification</a>: <a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">Operator Generalization</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#index-universal-quantification-350">universal quantification</a>: <a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#A-Hierarchy-of-Sets">A Hierarchy of Sets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="On-Equality.html#index-universal-quantification-242">universal quantification</a>: <a href="On-Equality.html#On-Equality">On Equality</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-universality-388">universality</a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#index-universality-248">universality</a>: <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-Unix-239">Unix</a>: <a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">Character Oriented Interaction</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-Unix-208">Unix</a>: <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#index-Unix-199">Unix</a>: <a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">Byte Transducers</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-Unix-124">Unix</a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-Unix-51">Unix</a>: <a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Preface.html#index-Unix-3">Unix</a>: <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunknown-date_007d-536"><code>unknown date</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunparameterized_007d-command-line-option-180"><code>unparameterized</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">Standard Input Representation</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunparameterized_007d-command-line-option-29"><code>unparameterized</code> command line option</a>: <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunrecognized-combinator_007d-387"><code>unrecognized combinator</code></a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunrecognized-combinator_007d-91"><code>unrecognized combinator</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-unrecognized-function-name-704">unrecognized function name</a>: <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-unrecognized-library-703">unrecognized library</a>: <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunrecognized-option_007d-101"><code>unrecognized option</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunsupported-hook_007d-386"><code>unsupported hook</code></a>: <a href="Vacant-Address-Space.html#Vacant-Address-Space">Vacant Address Space</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunsupported-hook_007d-94"><code>unsupported hook</code></a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bunsupported-hook_007d-93"><code>unsupported hook</code></a>: <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-url-15">url</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Type-Conversions.html#index-value-field-439">value field</a>: <a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#index-variables-277">variables</a>: <a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-vectors-446">vectors</a>: <a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">One dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-verbosity-setting-677">verbosity setting</a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Version.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bversion_007d-280"><code>version</code></a>: <a href="Version.html#Version">Version</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Version-Management.html#index-versions-602">versions</a>: <a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">Version Management</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-versions-98">versions</a>: <a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">Configuration Related Errors</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="General-Options.html#index-web-page-13">web page</a>: <a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Weight.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bweight_007d-286"><code>weight</code></a>: <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Have-combinator.html#index-wild-cards-379">wild cards</a>: <a href="Have-combinator.html#Have-combinator">Have combinator</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Example-Script.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bwish_007d-129"><code>wish</code></a>: <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bwriting_007d-file-name-572"><code>writing</code> file name</a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
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				+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
			
 
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				+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index-1_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-absolute-path">absolute path</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="gslint-output.html#index-adaptive-integration">adaptive integration</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="gslint-output.html#gslint-output">D.7.2 <code>gslint</code> output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Note.html#index-annotations">annotations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Note.html#Note">2.7.7.2 Note</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-annotations-1">annotations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Library-Reference.html#index-API">API</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference">3. Library Reference</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#index-appending-to-files">appending to files</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">2.6.3 Output From Non-interactive Applications</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#index-apply"><code>apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">2.7.6 Variable Freedom</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-apply-1"><code>apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">2.7.15.6 Exception Handler Usage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-argz_002eh">&lsquo;<tt>argz.h</tt>&rsquo;</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-argz_002eh-1">&lsquo;<tt>argz.h</tt>&rsquo;</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-arrays">arrays</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.2 One dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#index-ask_002dto_002doverwrite-command-line-option"><code>ask-to-overwrite</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">1.4 Parameter Mode Options</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#index-asprintf">asprintf</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="math-library-conversion-functions.html#math-library-conversion-functions">D.11.3 <code>math</code> library conversion functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#index-asprintf-1">asprintf</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="math-library-exceptions.html#math-library-exceptions">D.11.4 <code>math</code> library exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Assignment.html#index-assign"><code>assign</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">2.7.10 Assignment</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Assignment.html#index-assignment">assignment</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">2.7.10 Assignment</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-assignment-1">assignment</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">2.7.15.3 Error Messages</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#index-asynchronous-circuits">asynchronous circuits</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">2.7.13.5 Transfer</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Internal-Errors.html#index-author">author</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">1.6.1 Internal Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#index-author-1">author</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">2.7.13.5 Transfer</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#index-author-2">author</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">2.7.15.2 Operator Generalization</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-autoconf">autoconf</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-autoconf-1">autoconf</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-automake">automake</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-AVMINPUTS"><code>AVMINPUTS</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-AVMINPUTS-1"><code>AVMINPUTS</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Environment.html#index-AVMINPUTS-2"><code>AVMINPUTS</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Environment.html#Environment">1.10 Environment</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fcurrent_005fdirectory_005fprefix"><code>avm_current_directory_prefix</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fpacket"><code>avm_packet</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fparent_005fdirectory_005fprefix"><code>avm_parent_directory_prefix</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005fseparator"><code>avm_path_separator</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005fseparator_005fcharacter"><code>avm_path_separator_character</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005froot_005fdirectory_005fprefix"><code>avm_root_directory_prefix</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
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				+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index-1_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-backward-compatability">backward compatability</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-backward-compatability-1">backward compatability</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-backward-compatibility">backward compatibility</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bessel-function-errors.html#index-bad-bessel-function-call">bad bessel function call</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bessel-function-errors.html#Bessel-function-errors">D.1.2 Bessel function errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#index-bad-character-in-file-name"><code>bad character in file name</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">1.6.4 File Format Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-bad-character-in-file-name-1"><code>bad character in file name</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="gsldif-exceptions.html#index-bad-derivative-specification">bad derivative specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="gsldif-exceptions.html#gsldif-exceptions">D.5.3 <code>gsldif</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="gslint-exceptions.html#index-bad-integral-specification">bad integral specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="gslint-exceptions.html#gslint-exceptions">D.7.3 <code>gslint</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="kinsol-exceptions.html#index-bad-kinsol-specification">bad kinsol specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="kinsol-exceptions.html#kinsol-exceptions">D.9.3 <code>kinsol</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="lapack-exceptions.html#index-bad-lapack-specification">bad lapack specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="lapack-exceptions.html#lapack-exceptions">D.10.2 <code>lapack</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-bad-matrix-specification">bad matrix specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">D. External Libraries</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="minpack-exceptions.html#index-bad-minpack-specification">bad minpack specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="minpack-exceptions.html#minpack-exceptions">D.13.2 <code>minpack</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="mpfr-exceptions.html#index-bad-mpfr-specification">bad mpfr specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="mpfr-exceptions.html#mpfr-exceptions">D.14.9 <code>mpfr</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="rmath-exceptions.html#index-bad-rmath-specification">bad rmath specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="rmath-exceptions.html#rmath-exceptions">D.16.3 <code>rmath</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf-exceptions.html#index-bad-umf-specification">bad umf specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf-exceptions.html#umf-exceptions">D.17.3 <code>umf</code> exceptions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="External-Libraries.html#index-bad-vector-specification">bad vector specification</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">D. External Libraries</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bessel-function-calling-conventions.html#index-bessel-functions">bessel functions</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bessel-function-calling-conventions.html#Bessel-function-calling-conventions">D.1.1 Bessel function calling conventions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="rmath-miscellaneous-functions.html#index-bessel-functions-1">bessel functions</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="rmath-miscellaneous-functions.html#rmath-miscellaneous-functions">D.16.2 <code>rmath</code> miscellaneous functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#index-bit-strings">bit strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">2.2 Concrete Syntax</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-booleans">booleans</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">2.4 Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-booleans-1">booleans</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Refer.html#index-bu"><code>bu</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Refer.html#Refer">2.7.9.2 Refer</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Reduce.html#index-bu-1"><code>bu</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Reduce.html#Reduce">2.7.13.3 Reduce</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#index-bu-2"><code>bu</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">2.7.15.6 Exception Handler Usage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Internal-Errors.html#index-bug-reports">bug reports</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">1.6.1 Internal Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bugs.html#index-bugs">bugs</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Bugs.html#Bugs">1.11 Bugs</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option"><code>byte-transducer</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">1.3 Filter Mode Options</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option-1"><code>byte-transducer</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">2.5.1 Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option-2"><code>byte-transducer</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">2.5.3 Byte Transducers</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index-1_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Library-Reference.html#index-C_002b_002b">C++</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference">3. Library Reference</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-C_002b_002b-1">C++</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-c_002b_002bfilt-utility">c++filt utility</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-can_0027t-close"><code>can't close</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-can_0027t-close-1"><code>can't close</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-can_0027t-close-2"><code>can't close</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#index-can_0027t-emulate-version"><code>can't emulate version</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Configuration-Related-Errors.html#Configuration-Related-Errors">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-can_0027t-read"><code>can't read</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-can_0027t-spawn"><code>can't spawn</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#index-can_0027t-write"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-can_0027t-write-1"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-can_0027t-write-2"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-can_0027t-write-3"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-can_0027t-write-4"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-can_0027t-write-5"><code>can't write</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Example-Script.html#index-cat"><code>cat</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">1.8 Example Script</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#index-cat-1"><code>cat</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">2.7.13.5 Transfer</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Cat.html#index-cat-2"><code>cat</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Cat.html#Cat">2.7.14.1 Cat</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Blocking.html#index-character-codes">character codes</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Blocking.html#Blocking">2.2.2 Blocking</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-character-codes-1">character codes</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">2.4 Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#index-character-codes-2">character codes</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">2.5.3 Byte Transducers</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-character-encodings">character encodings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Character-Table.html#index-character-representations">character representations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">A. Character Table</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-character-strings">character strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">2.4 Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#index-character-strings-1">character strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">2.4 Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-character-strings-2">character strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">2.5.1.2 Standard Output Representation</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Messages.html#index-character-strings-3">character strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">2.7.15.3 Error Messages</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-character-strings-4">character strings</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Format.html#index-checksums">checksums</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">2.3 File Format</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Example-Script.html#index-chmod"><code>chmod</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">1.8 Example Script</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#index-choice_002dof_002doutput-command-line-option"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">1.3 Filter Mode Options</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#index-choice_002dof_002doutput-command-line-option-1"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">2.5.1.1 Standard Input Representation</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#index-choice_002dof_002doutput-command-line-option-2"><code>choice-of-output</code> command line option</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">2.5.1.2 Standard Output Representation</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#index-Cholesky-decomposition">Cholesky decomposition</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="lapack-calling-conventions.html#lapack-calling-conventions">D.10.1 <code>lapack</code> calling conventions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#index-Cholesky-decomposition-1">Cholesky decomposition</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Additional-lapack-notes.html#Additional-lapack-notes">D.10.3 Additional <code>lapack</code> notes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#index-coding-standards">coding standards</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-column-major-order">column major order</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-column-major-order-1">column major order</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-column-major-order-2">column major order</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-column-major-order-3">column major order</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf-input-parameters.html#index-column-major-order-4">column major order</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf-input-parameters.html#umf-input-parameters">D.17.1 <code>umf</code> input parameters</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recursion.html#index-combinators">combinators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recursion.html#Recursion">2.7.9 Recursion</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#index-command-line">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">1.5 Command Line Syntax</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-command-line-1">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#index-command-line-2">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#index-command-line-3">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Input-for-Mapped-Applications.html#Input-for-Mapped-Applications">2.6.2 Input for Mapped Applications</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-command-line-4">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Line-Oriented-Interaction.html#Line-Oriented-Interaction">2.6.4.1 Line Oriented Interaction</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#index-command-line-5">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">2.6.4.2 Character Oriented Interaction</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-command-line-6">command line</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Compare.html#index-compare"><code>compare</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Compare.html#Compare">2.7.11.1 Compare</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#index-compare-1"><code>compare</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">3.1.5 Comparison</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#index-compare-combinator">compare combinator</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Additional-math-library-notes.html#Additional-math-library-notes">D.11.5 Additional <code>math</code> library notes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="mpfr-binary-predicates.html#index-compare-combinator-1">compare combinator</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="mpfr-binary-predicates.html#mpfr-binary-predicates">D.14.4 <code>mpfr</code> binary predicates</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="complex.html#index-complex-numbers">complex numbers</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="complex.html#complex">D.2 <code>complex</code></a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-compose"><code>compose</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">2.7.4.3 Standard Library</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="How-avram-Thinks.html#index-compose-1"><code>compose</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="How-avram-Thinks.html#How-avram-Thinks">2.7.5 How <code>avram</code> Thinks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Weight.html#index-compression">compression</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Weight.html#Weight">2.7.7.4 Weight</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#index-concatenation">concatenation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Transfer.html#Transfer">2.7.13.5 Transfer</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Cat.html#index-concatenation-1">concatenation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Cat.html#Cat">2.7.14.1 Cat</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-concatenation-2">concatenation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-concurrency">concurrency</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Library.html#index-conditional"><code>conditional</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Standard-Library.html#Standard-Library">2.7.4.3 Standard Library</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="How-avram-Thinks.html#index-conditional-1"><code>conditional</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="How-avram-Thinks.html#How-avram-Thinks">2.7.5 How <code>avram</code> Thinks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf.html#index-conjugate-transpose">conjugate transpose</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="umf.html#umf">D.17 <code>umf</code></a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Material.html#index-cons"><code>cons</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Material.html#Raw-Material">2.1 Raw Material</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="A-New-Operator.html#index-cons-1"><code>cons</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="A-New-Operator.html#A-New-Operator">2.7.1 A New Operator</a></td></tr>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">2.2 Concrete Syntax</h3>
			
 
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				+<h2 class="section">2.2 Concrete Syntax</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The previous section has developed a basic vocabulary for statements
			
 
				 such as &ldquo;the virtual machine code for the identity function is
			
 
				-<a name="index-identity-function-146"></a><code>(nil,(nil,nil))</code>&rdquo;, which are elaborated extensively in the
			
 
				+<a name="index-identity-function"></a>
			
 
				+<code>(nil,(nil,nil))</code>&rdquo;, which are elaborated extensively in the
			
 
				 subsequent sections on code and data formats. However, a description in
			
 
				 this style would be inadequate without an explanation of how such an
			
 
				 entity as <code>(nil,(nil,nil))</code> is communicated to <code>avram</code> in a
			
 
				 virtual machine code file. The purpose of this section is to fill the
			
 
				 gap by explaining exactly how any given tree would be transformed to its
			
 
				 concrete representation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The syntax is based on a conversion of the trees to bit strings,
			
 
				-<a name="index-bit-strings-147"></a>followed by grouping the bits into blocks of six, which are then encoded
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The syntax is based on a conversion of the trees to bit strings,
			
 
				+<a name="index-bit-strings"></a>
			
 
				+followed by grouping the bits into blocks of six, which are then encoded
			
 
				 by printable characters. Although anyone is free to modify <code>avram</code>,
			
 
				 it is recommended that the concrete syntax described here be maintained
			
 
				 for the sake of portability of virtual machine code applications.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Building a tree by reading the data from a file requires a more
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Building a tree by reading the data from a file requires a more
			
 
				 difficult algorithm than the one presented in this section, and is not
			
 
				-considered because it's not strictly necessary for a
			
 
				+considered because it&rsquo;s not strictly necessary for a
			
 
				 compiler. Procedures for both reading and writing are available to C and
			
 
				 C++ users as part of the <code>avram</code> library, and are also easily
			
 
				 invoked on the virtual code level.
			
 
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				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</h4>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<a name="Configuration-Related-Errors-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">1.6.6 Configuration Related Errors</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The source code distribution of <code>avram</code> incorporates a flexible
			
 
				 configuration script allowing it to be installed on a variety of
			
@@ -41,46 +69,96 @@ anticipated that new features may be added to <code>avram</code> from time to
 
				 time. Some problems may therefore occur due to features not being
			
 
				 supported at your site for either of these reasons. The following error
			
 
				 messages are relevant to these situations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><code>unsupported hook</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunsupported-hook_007d-94"></a>If it's not simply due to an application programming error
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code>unsupported hook</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-unsupported-hook-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>If it&rsquo;s not simply due to an application programming error
			
 
				 (<a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a>) this message may be the result of
			
 
				 trying to use an application that requires a newer version of
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> than the one installed, even though applications should
			
 
				 avoid this problem by checking the version number at run time. If this
			
 
				-is the reason, the solution would be to install the latest version. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: I need avram linked with </code><var>foo</var><code>, </code><var>bar</var><code> and </code><var>baz</var><code>.</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bI-need-avram-linked-with_007d-95"></a>A message of the this form indicates that a new installation may be
			
 
				+is the reason, the solution would be to install the latest version.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: I need avram linked with <var>foo</var>, <var>bar</var> and <var>baz</var>.</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-I-need-avram-linked-with"></a>
			
 
				+<p>A message of the this form indicates that a new installation may be
			
 
				 needed. At this writing (11/11/1), <code>avram</code> may report this message
			
 
				 with respect to <code>libexpect5.32</code>, <code>tcl8.3</code>, and <code>libutil</code>
			
 
				-if any of the <samp><span class="option">-i</span></samp>, <samp><span class="option">-t</span></samp>, or <samp><span class="option">-s</span></samp> options is used on a
			
 
				+if any of the &lsquo;<samp>-i</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-t</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>-s</samp>&rsquo; options is used on a
			
 
				 system where not all of these libraries were detected when <code>avram</code>
			
 
				-was installed from a source distribution. (See <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a>.) 
			
 
				+was installed from a source distribution. (See <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a>.)
			
 
				 Because <code>avram</code> is useful even without interactive applications,
			
 
				 these libraries are not considered absolute prerequisites by the
			
 
				-configuration script. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>avram: can't emulate version </code><var>version</var><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-emulate-version_007d-96"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bemulation_007d-command-line-option-97"></a><a name="index-versions-98"></a><a name="index-backward-compatibility-99"></a>The <samp><span class="option">--emulation=</span><var>version</var></samp> option obviously won't work if
			
 
				+configuration script.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>avram: can't emulate version <var>version</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-can_0027t-emulate-version"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-emulation-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-versions"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-backward-compatibility"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>--emulation=<var>version</var></samp>&rsquo; option obviously won&rsquo;t work if
			
 
				 the requested version is newer than the installed version, or if it is
			
 
				 not a valid version number (<a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a>). When that happens,
			
 
				-this message is printed instead and <code>avram</code> terminates. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>avram: multiple version specifications</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmultiple-version-specifications_007d-100"></a>The <samp><span class="option">--emulation=</span><var>version</var></samp> option can be used at most once
			
 
				+this message is printed instead and <code>avram</code> terminates.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>avram: multiple version specifications</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-multiple-version-specifications"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>--emulation=<var>version</var></samp>&rsquo; option can be used at most once
			
 
				 on a command line. This message is printed if it is used more than
			
 
				 once. If you only typed it once and got this message, check your aliases
			
 
				-and wrapper scripts before reporting a bug. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>avram: unrecognized option: </code><var>option-name</var><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunrecognized-option_007d-101"></a>may mean that a command line option has been misspelled, or may be another
			
 
				+and wrapper scripts before reporting a bug.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>avram: unrecognized option: <var>option-name</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-unrecognized-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>may mean that a command line option has been misspelled, or may be another
			
 
				 sign of an obsolete version of <code>avram</code>. This message will be followed
			
 
				-by a usage summary similar to that of the <samp><span class="option">--help</span></samp> option. 
			
 
				-(<a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a>). 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: warning: search paths not supported</code><dd><a name="index-search-paths-102"></a><a name="index-paths-103"></a><a name="index-environment-104"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bAVMINPUTS_007d-105"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsearch-paths-not-supported_007d-106"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bargz_002eh_007d-107"></a>If the <samp><span class="file">argz.h</span></samp> header file was not detected during configuration,
			
 
				+by a usage summary similar to that of the &lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo; option.
			
 
				+(<a href="General-Options.html#General-Options">General Options</a>).
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: warning: search paths not supported</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-search-paths"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-paths"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-environment-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-AVMINPUTS-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-search-paths-not-supported"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-argz_002eh"></a>
			
 
				+<p>If the &lsquo;<tt>argz.h</tt>&rsquo; header file was not detected during configuration,
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> will not be able to support search paths in the
			
 
				-<samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp> environment variable (<a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a>). This message
			
 
				+<code>AVMINPUTS</code> environment variable (<a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a>). This message
			
 
				 is a warning that the environment variable is being ignored. If the
			
 
				 warning is followed by an i/o error
			
 
				 (<a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">i/o Errors</a>), the latter may be due to a file being in a path that
			
 
				 was not searched for this reason. A workaround is to specify the full
			
 
				 path names of all input files outside the current working directory. If
			
 
				-you don't need search paths, you can get rid of this message by
			
 
				-undefining <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp>. 
			
 
				+you don&rsquo;t need search paths, you can get rid of this message by
			
 
				+undefining <code>AVMINPUTS</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
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				-<h2 class="unnumbered">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</h2>
			
 
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				-with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
			
 
				-a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
			
 
				-the scope of this License.
			
 
				+<title>avram - a virtual machine code interpreter: E. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE</title>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<meta name="description" content="avram - a virtual machine code interpreter: E. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE">
			
 
				+<meta name="keywords" content="avram - a virtual machine code interpreter: E. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE">
			
 
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				-     <li>You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
			
 
				-under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
			
 
				-Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <ol type=a start=1>
			
 
				-<li>Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
			
 
				-source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
			
 
				-1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <li>Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
			
 
				-years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
			
 
				-cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
			
 
				-machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
			
 
				-distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
			
 
				-customarily used for software interchange; or,
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <li>Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
			
 
				-to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
			
 
				-allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
			
 
				-received the program in object code or executable form with such
			
 
				-an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
			
 
				-          </ol>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
			
 
				-making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
			
 
				-code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
			
 
				-associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
			
 
				-control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
			
 
				-special exception, the source code distributed need not include
			
 
				-anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
			
 
				-form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
			
 
				-operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
			
 
				-itself accompanies the executable.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
			
 
				-access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
			
 
				-access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
			
 
				-distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
			
 
				-compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
			
 
				-except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
			
 
				-otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
			
 
				-void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 
			
 
				-However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
			
 
				-this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
			
 
				-parties remain in full compliance.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
			
 
				-signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
			
 
				-distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
			
 
				-prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
			
 
				-modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
			
 
				-Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
			
 
				-all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
			
 
				-the Program or works based on it.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
			
 
				-Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
			
 
				-original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
			
 
				-these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
			
 
				-restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 
			
 
				-You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
			
 
				-this License.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
			
 
				-infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
			
 
				-conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
			
 
				-otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
			
 
				-excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
			
 
				-distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
			
 
				-License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
			
 
				-may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
			
 
				-license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
			
 
				-all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
			
 
				-the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
			
 
				-refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
			
 
				-any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
			
 
				-apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
			
 
				-circumstances.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
			
 
				-patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
			
 
				-such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
			
 
				-integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
			
 
				-implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
			
 
				-generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
			
 
				-through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
			
 
				-system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
			
 
				-to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
			
 
				-impose that choice.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
			
 
				-be a consequence of the rest of this License.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
			
 
				-certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
			
 
				-original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
			
 
				-may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
			
 
				-those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
			
 
				-countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
			
 
				-the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
			
 
				-of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
			
 
				-be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
			
 
				-address new problems or concerns.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
			
 
				-specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and &ldquo;any
			
 
				-later version&rdquo;, you have the option of following the terms and conditions
			
 
				-either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
			
 
				-Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
			
 
				-this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
			
 
				-Foundation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
			
 
				-programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
			
 
				-to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
			
 
				-Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
			
 
				-make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
			
 
				-of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
			
 
				-of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
			
 
				-FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
			
 
				-OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
			
 
				-PROVIDE THE PROGRAM &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
			
 
				-OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
			
 
				-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
			
 
				-TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
			
 
				-PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
			
 
				-REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <li>IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
			
 
				-WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
			
 
				-REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
			
 
				-INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
			
 
				-OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
			
 
				-TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
			
 
				-YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
			
 
				-PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
			
 
				-POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
			
 
				-        </ol>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<h3 class="unnumberedsec">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</h3>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p>If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
			
 
				-possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
			
 
				-free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
			
 
				-to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
			
 
				-convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
			
 
				-the &ldquo;copyright&rdquo; line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<pre class="smallexample">     <var>one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.</var>
			
 
				-     Copyright (C) 19<var>yy</var>  <var>name of author</var>
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
			
 
				-     modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
			
 
				-     as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
			
 
				-     of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
			
 
				-     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
			
 
				-     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
			
 
				-     GNU General Public License for more details.
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
			
 
				-     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
			
 
				-     Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
			
 
				+</head>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
			
 
				-when it starts in an interactive mode:
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="smallexample">     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19<var>yy</var> <var>name of author</var>
			
 
				-     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
			
 
				-     type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
			
 
				-     to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
			
 
				-     for details.
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>The hypothetical commands &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">show w</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">show c</span></samp>&rsquo; should show
			
 
				-the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
			
 
				-commands you use may be called something other than &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">show w</span></samp>&rsquo; and
			
 
				-&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">show c</span></samp>&rsquo;; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items&mdash;whatever
			
 
				-suits your program.
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
			
 
				-school, if any, to sign a &ldquo;copyright disclaimer&rdquo; for the program, if
			
 
				-necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
			
 
				+<a name="GNU-GENERAL-PUBLIC-LICENCE"></a>
			
 
				+<h1 class="appendix">E. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE</h1>
			
 
				+<p align="center"> Version 2, June 1991
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
			
 
				+675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="smallexample">     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
			
 
				-     interest in the program `Gnomovision'
			
 
				-     (which makes passes at compilers) written
			
 
				-     by James Hacker.
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     <var>signature of Ty Coon</var>, 1 April 1989
			
 
				-     Ty Coon, President of Vice
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
			
 
				-proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
			
 
				-consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
			
 
				-library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
			
 
				-Public License instead of this License.
			
 
				+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
			
 
				+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Preamble.html#Preamble">Preamble</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Terms-and-Conditions.html#Terms-and-Conditions">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="How-to-Apply.html#How-to-Apply">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+</table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				 <a name="Data-Section"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Preamble-Section.html#Preamble-Section">Preamble Section</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">2.3.2 Data Section</h4>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The data or virtual code section of the file begins on the first
			
 
				-line of the file that isn't part of the preamble. 
			
 
				-<li>The data section may not contain any hashes, white space, or other
			
 
				-extraneous characters other than line breaks. 
			
 
				-<li>If line breaks are ignored, the data section contains a sequence
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Preamble-Section.html#Preamble-Section" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="File-Format.html#File-Format" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Data-Section-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.3.2 Data Section</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> The data or virtual code section of the file begins on the first
			
 
				+line of the file that isn&rsquo;t part of the preamble.
			
 
				+</li><li> The data section may not contain any hashes, white space, or other
			
 
				+extraneous characters other than line breaks.
			
 
				+</li><li> If line breaks are ignored, the data section contains a sequence
			
 
				 of characters expressing a single tree in the concrete syntax described
			
 
				-in <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a>. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+in <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a>.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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--- a/doc/avram.html/Deconstruction-Functions.html
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@@ -1,77 +1,128 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.1.6 Deconstruction Functions</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">3.1.6 Deconstruction Functions</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_decons</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fdecons-486"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This should be called prior to the first call to
			
 
				+<p>A fast native implementation of the deconstruction operation is provided
			
 
				+<a name="index-deconstruction-3"></a>
			
 
				+by the functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>decons.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fdecons"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_decons</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This should be called prior to the first call to
			
 
				 <code>avm_deconstruction</code>, so as to initialize some necessary internal
			
 
				-data structures. Results will be undefined if it is not. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_decons</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fdecons-487"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>For ecologically sound memory management, this function should be called
			
 
				+data structures. Results will be undefined if it is not.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fdecons"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_decons</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>For ecologically sound memory management, this function should be called
			
 
				 at the end of a run to verify that there have been no leaks due to the
			
 
				-deconstruction functions, which there won't be unless the code in
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">decons.c</span></samp> has been ineptly modified. An error message to the
			
 
				-effect of unreclaimed &ldquo;points&rdquo; could be the result otherwise. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_deconstruction</b> (<var>list pointer, list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdeconstruction-488"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Deconstructions are performed by this function, as described in
			
 
				+deconstruction functions, which there won&rsquo;t be unless the code in
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>decons.c</tt>&rsquo; has been ineptly modified. An error message to the
			
 
				+effect of unreclaimed &ldquo;points&rdquo; could be the result otherwise.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdeconstruction"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_deconstruction</b><i> (list <var>pointer</var>, list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Deconstructions are performed by this function, as described in
			
 
				 <a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a>. In the <code>silly</code> program notation (<a href="A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language.html#A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language">A Simple Lisp Like Language</a>), this function computes the value
			
 
				-of ([[<code>field</code>]] <var>pointer</var>) <var>operand</var>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>For example, using the fixed list <code>avm_join(NULL,NULL)</code> as the
			
 
				-<var>pointer</var> parameter will cause a copy of the operand itself
			
 
				-to be returned as the result. A <var>pointer</var> equal to
			
 
				+of ([[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>pointer</var></code>) <code><var>operand</var></code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>For example, using the fixed list <code>avm_join(NULL,NULL)</code> as the
			
 
				+<code><var>pointer</var></code> parameter will cause a copy of the operand itself
			
 
				+to be returned as the result. A <code><var>pointer</var></code> equal to
			
 
				 <code>avm_join(NULL,avm_join(NULL,NULL))</code> will cause a copy of
			
 
				 <code>operand-&gt;tail</code> to be returned, and so on. A <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				-<var>pointer</var> causes an internal error.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the deconstruction is invalid, as in the case of the tail of an empty
			
 
				+<code><var>pointer</var></code> causes an internal error.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the deconstruction is invalid, as in the case of the tail of an empty
			
 
				 list, the invalid deconstruction error message is returned as the
			
 
				-result, and the <code>*</code><var>fault</var> parameter is set to a non-zero value. 
			
 
				-The <code>*</code><var>fault</var> parameter is also set to a non-zero value in the event
			
 
				-of a memory overflow, and the memory overflow message is returned. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+result, and the <code>*<var>fault</var></code> parameter is set to a non-zero value.
			
 
				+The <code>*<var>fault</var></code> parameter is also set to a non-zero value in the event
			
 
				+of a memory overflow, and the memory overflow message is returned.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.8 Deconstruction</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Much of the time required for evaluating a function is devoted to
			
 
				-<a name="index-deconstruction-290"></a>performing deconstruction operations, e.g., taking the left side of a
			
 
				-pair, the tail of a list, the right side of the head of the tail, etc.. 
			
 
				+<a name="index-deconstruction-1"></a>
			
 
				+performing deconstruction operations, e.g., taking the left side of a
			
 
				+pair, the tail of a list, the right side of the head of the tail, etc..
			
 
				 Because these operations are so frequent, there are some features of the
			
 
				 virtual machine to make them as efficient as possible.
			
 
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				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Field.html#Field">2.7.8.1 Field</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                       
			
 
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				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Fan.html#Fan">2.7.8.2 Fan</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                         
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.6 Diagnostics</h3>
			
 
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				-<p><a name="index-diagnostics-52"></a><a name="index-error-messages-53"></a><a name="index-run-time-errors-54"></a>The means exists for virtual code applications to have run time error
			
 
				+<a name="Diagnostics"></a>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Diagnostics-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.6 Diagnostics</h2>
			
 
				+<a name="index-diagnostics"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-error-messages"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-run-time-errors"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The means exists for virtual code applications to have run time error
			
 
				 messages written to standard error on their behalf by
			
 
				 <code>avram</code>. Any error messages not documented here originate with an
			
 
				 application and should be documented by it.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Most error messages originating from <code>avram</code> are prefaced by the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Most error messages originating from <code>avram</code> are prefaced by the
			
 
				 application name (i.e., the name of the file containing the virtual
			
 
				 machine code), but will be prefaced by <code>avram:</code> if the error is
			
 
				 caused by a problem loading this file itself. Error messages originating
			
 
				 from virtual code applications are the responsibility of their
			
 
				 respective authors and might not be prefaced by the application name.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The run time errors not specifically raised by the application can be
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The run time errors not specifically raised by the application can be
			
 
				 classified as internal errors, i/o errors, overflow errors, file
			
 
				 format errors, application programming errors, and configuration related
			
 
				 errors.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Some error messages include a code number. The number identifies
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some error messages include a code number. The number identifies
			
 
				 the specific point in the source code where the condition was
			
 
				 detected, for the benefit of the person maintaining it.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">1.6.1 Internal Errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">             
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="i_002fo-Errors.html#i_002fo-Errors">1.6.2 i/o Errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                  
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Overflow-Errors.html#Overflow-Errors">1.6.3 Overflow Errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">             
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="File-Format-Errors.html#File-Format-Errors">1.6.4 File Format Errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">          
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
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				+</td></tr>
			
 
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				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings.html#Other-Diagnostics-and-Warnings">1.6.7 Other Diagnostics and Warnings</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">  
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.14.3 Distribute</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The function with the following virtual code representation is
			
 
				-frequently useful for manipulating lists. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bdistribute_007d-345"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T30</em><dd><code>distribute</code> = <code>(((nil,nil),nil),nil)</code>
			
 
				+frequently useful for manipulating lists.
			
 
				+<a name="index-distribute"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T30</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p><code>distribute</code> = <code>(((nil,nil),nil),nil)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">This function takes a pair whose right side represents a list, and
			
 
				+<p>This function takes a pair whose right side represents a list, and
			
 
				 returns a list of pairs, with one pair for each item in the list. The
			
 
				 left side of each pair is the left side of the original argument, and
			
 
				 the right side is the corresponding item of the list. A semantics for
			
 
				 this operation is specified by the following properties.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P39</em><dd>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,nil)</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P40</em><dd>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,(</code><var>y</var><code>,</code><var>z</var><code>))</code> =
			
 
				-<code>((</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>),</code>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>z</var><code>))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P39</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,nil)</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P40</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,(<var>y</var>,<var>z</var>))</code> =
			
 
				+<code>((<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>),</code>[[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>z</var>))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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				+<h2 class="section">3.8 Emulation Primitives</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The functions documented in this section can be used to take very
			
 
				 specific control over the evaluation of virtual code applications. It is
			
 
				 unlikely that a client program will have any need for them unless it
			
 
				 aims to replace or extend the <code>avm_apply</code> function.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The virtual machine is somewhat removed from a conventional von Neumann
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The virtual machine is somewhat removed from a conventional von Neumann
			
 
				 model of computation, so emulating it in C or any other imperative
			
 
				 language is less straightforward than one would prefer. An elaborate
			
 
				 system of interdependent data structures is used to represent partially
			
@@ -49,12 +77,39 @@ this section is limited mainly to that of simple memory management and
 
				 stack operations. Consequently, a developer wishing to build on them
			
 
				 effectively would need to <em>grok</em> the data structures involved,
			
 
				 which are described in some detail.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">           
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.10 Environment</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-environment-131"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bAVMINPUTS_007d-132"></a><a name="index-paths-133"></a>An environment variable <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp> can be made to store a list of
			
 
				-directories (using the <samp><span class="command">set</span></samp> or <samp><span class="command">export</span></samp> commands) that
			
 
				-<code>avram</code> will search for input files. The directories should be
			
 
				-separated by colons, similarly to the <samp><span class="env">PATH</span></samp> environment variable.
			
 
				+<a name="Environment"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Environment-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.10 Environment</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-search-paths-134"></a>The search paths in <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp> apply only to the names of input
			
 
				+<a name="index-environment-3"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-AVMINPUTS-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-paths-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>An environment variable <code>AVMINPUTS</code> can be made to store a list of
			
 
				+directories (using the <code>set</code> or <code>export</code> commands) that
			
 
				+<code>avram</code> will search for input files. The directories should be
			
 
				+separated by colons, similarly to the <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-search-paths-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The search paths in <code>AVMINPUTS</code> apply only to the names of input
			
 
				 files given on the command line (<a href="Command-Line-Syntax.html#Command-Line-Syntax">Command Line Syntax</a>) when
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> is invoked in parameter mode (<a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode">Parameter Mode</a>).  They
			
 
				 do not apply to the name of the virtual code file, which is always
			
 
				 assumed to be either absolute or relative to the current working
			
 
				 directory (this assumption being preferable in the case of a script like
			
 
				-that of <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a>). 
			
 
				-<a name="index-shell-script-135"></a>
			
 
				-Starting in the first directory in the list of <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp>,
			
 
				+that of <a href="Example-Script.html#Example-Script">Example Script</a>).
			
 
				+<a name="index-shell-script-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Starting in the first directory in the list of <code>AVMINPUTS</code>,
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> searches for a file exactly as its name appears on
			
 
				 the command line (subject to the expansion of special characters
			
 
				 by the shell). If it is not found and the name does not contain a
			
 
				-period, but a command line option of <samp><span class="option">-.EXT</span></samp> has been used,
			
 
				+period, but a command line option of &lsquo;<samp>-.EXT</samp>&rsquo; has been used,
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> will then search for a file with that name combined with
			
 
				-the extension <code>.EXT</code>. If <samp><span class="option">-.EXT</span></samp> has not been used or if no
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bEXT_007d-command-line-option-136"></a>matching file is found with it, <code>avram</code> tries the extensions of
			
 
				+the extension <code>.EXT</code>. If &lsquo;<samp>-.EXT</samp>&rsquo; has not been used or if no
			
 
				+<a name="index-EXT-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+matching file is found with it, <code>avram</code> tries the extensions of
			
 
				 <kbd>.avm</kbd> and <kbd>.fun</kbd> in that order, provided the given file name
			
 
				 contained no periods. If no match is found for any of those cases,
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> proceeds to search the next directory in the list obtained
			
 
				-from <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp>, and so on. It stops searching when the first
			
 
				+from <code>AVMINPUTS</code>, and so on. It stops searching when the first
			
 
				 match is found. For subsequent input files, the search begins again at
			
 
				 the first directory.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>If <samp><span class="env">AVMINPUTS</span></samp> is defined, the current working directory is not
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If <code>AVMINPUTS</code> is defined, the current working directory is not
			
 
				 searched for input files unless it is listed. If it is empty or not
			
 
				-<a name="index-search-paths-137"></a>defined, a default list of search paths is used, currently
			
 
				+<a name="index-search-paths-2"></a>
			
 
				+defined, a default list of search paths is used, currently
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">.:/usr/local/lib/avm:/usr/lib/avm:/lib/avm:/opt/avm:/opt/lib/avm\
			
 
				+:/usr/local/share/avm:/usr/share/avm:/share/avm:/opt/avm:/opt/share/avm
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     .:/usr/local/lib/avm:/usr/lib/avm:/lib/avm:/opt/avm:/opt/lib/avm\
			
 
				-     :/usr/local/share/avm:/usr/share/avm:/share/avm:/opt/avm:/opt/share/avm
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">These paths are defined in <code>avram.c</code> and can be changed
			
 
				+<p>These paths are defined in <code>avram.c</code> and can be changed
			
 
				 by recompiling it.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.3 Error Messages</h5>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Error-Messages-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.3 Error Messages</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The basic strategy for representing the results of exceptional
			
 
				 conditions arising from the evaluation of operands on a given level of
			
 
				 the hierarchy will be to use an error message corresponding to the image
			
 
				 of a list of character strings on the level above.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Unfortunately, the official <code>silly</code> standard does not
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Unfortunately, the official <code>silly</code> standard does not
			
 
				 define character constants, but they are available as a vendor specific
			
 
				 extension in <code>silly-me</code> (millennium edition), where character strings
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsilly_002dme_007d-356"></a><a name="index-strings-357"></a><a name="index-character-strings-358"></a>may be enclosed in single quotes. The value of the semantic
			
 
				-<a name="index-semantic-function-359"></a>function [[<small class="dots">...</small>]] in the case of a character string is the list
			
 
				+<a name="index-silly_002dme"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-strings-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-character-strings-3"></a>
			
 
				+may be enclosed in single quotes. The value of the semantic
			
 
				+<a name="index-semantic-function-1"></a>
			
 
				+function [[&hellip;]] in the case of a character string is the list
			
 
				 of representations of the characters, based on <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>
			
 
				 and <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>For the sake of consistency, each standard error message is a list of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>For the sake of consistency, each standard error message is a list of
			
 
				 character strings, even though the list has only one string in it. If
			
 
				 any exceptional condition is the result of a computation, it is written
			
 
				 to standard error by <code>avram</code> as the list of character strings it
			
 
				 represents.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P45</em><dd>([[<code>compare</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var> = [[<code>('invalid comparison',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P46</em><dd>([[<code>left</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var>  = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P47</em><dd>([[<code>right</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var> = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P48</em><dd>(([[<code>fan</code>]] <var>f</var>)
			
 
				-<code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var> = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P49</em><dd>([[<code>member</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var>  = [[<code>('invalid membership',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P50</em><dd>([[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var> = [[<code>('invalid distribution',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P51</em><dd>([[<code>cat</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var>  = [[<code>('invalid concatenation',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P52</em><dd>([[<code>meta</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_</code><var>n</var> = [[<code>('invalid recursion',nil)</code>]]<code>_(</code><var>n</var><code>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P45</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>compare</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code> = [[<code>('invalid comparison',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P46</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>left</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code>  = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P47</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>right</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code> = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P48</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>(([[<code>fan</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code>)
			
 
				+<code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code> = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P49</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>member</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code>  = [[<code>('invalid membership',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P50</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>distribute</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code> = [[<code>('invalid distribution',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P51</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>cat</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code>  = [[<code>('invalid concatenation',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P52</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>meta</code>]] <code>nil</code>)<code>_<var>n</var></code> = [[<code>('invalid recursion',nil)</code>]]<code>_(<var>n</var>+1)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Note that by virtue of property <em>P44</em>, there is no need for an
			
 
				+<p>Note that by virtue of property <em>P44</em>, there is no need for an
			
 
				 application to make explicit checks for exceptional results at any
			
 
				 point, because the exceptional result propagates through to the output
			
 
				 of any function composed with the one that incurred it. For example, an
			
@@ -75,28 +123,60 @@ imposes no requirement that <code>f</code> be written to accommodate that
 
				 possibility (i.e., by checking for it) in order for the error to be
			
 
				 reported properly. The following proof demonstrates that the meaning of <code>f</code>
			
 
				 is irrelevant to the result.
			
 
				-<pre class="format">[[<code>compose(f,right)</code>]]<code>_0</code> <code>nil_0</code>
			
 
				+</p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="format">[[<code>compose(f,right)</code>]]<code>_0</code> <code>nil_0</code>
			
 
				 
			
 
				    = [[<code>f</code>]]<code>_0</code> [[<code>right</code>]]<code>_0</code> <code>nil</code><code>_0</code>
			
 
				 
			
 
				    = [[<code>f</code>]]<code>_0</code> [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_1</code>
			
 
				 
			
 
				    = [[<code>('invalid deconstruction',nil)</code>]]<code>_1</code>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">In an application <code>h = compose(f,g)</code>, the input
			
 
				-validation therefore may be confined to the &ldquo;front end&rdquo;,&nbsp;<code>g</code>.<!-- /@w -->
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>It will be recalled from the discussions of <code>recur</code> (<a href="Recur.html#Recur">Recur</a>)
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007brecur_007d-360"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007btranspose_007d-361"></a>and <code>transpose</code> (<a href="Transpose.html#Transpose">Transpose</a>) that the semantics of
			
 
				+<p>In an application <code>h = compose(f,g)</code>, the input
			
 
				+validation therefore may be confined to the &ldquo;front end&rdquo;, <code>g</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>It will be recalled from the discussions of <code>recur</code> (<a href="Recur.html#Recur">Recur</a>)
			
 
				+<a name="index-recur-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-transpose-1"></a>
			
 
				+and <code>transpose</code> (<a href="Transpose.html#Transpose">Transpose</a>) that the semantics of
			
 
				 virtual code involving these forms is defined in terms of the
			
 
				 <code>field</code> format for deconstruction functions (<a href="Field.html#Field">Field</a>),
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-362"></a>which depends implicitly on the semantics of <code>left</code> and
			
 
				+<a name="index-field-2"></a>
			
 
				+which depends implicitly on the semantics of <code>left</code> and
			
 
				 <code>right</code>, being a generalization of them. An invalid deconstruction
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bleft_007d-363"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-364"></a>message could therefore result from applications incorporating any of
			
 
				+<a name="index-left-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-right-3"></a>
			
 
				+message could therefore result from applications incorporating any of
			
 
				 the forms of <code>recur</code>, <code>transpose</code>, or <code>field</code>. Invalid
			
 
				 deconstructions could also arise from the <code>replace</code> operation
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007breplace_007d-365"></a><a name="index-assignment-366"></a>(<a href="Replace.html#Replace">Replace</a>), which is used for assignment (<a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a>), because
			
 
				+<a name="index-replace-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-assignment-1"></a>
			
 
				+(<a href="Replace.html#Replace">Replace</a>), which is used for assignment (<a href="Assignment.html#Assignment">Assignment</a>), because
			
 
				 <code>replace</code> is defined by virtual code, except as noted next.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">3.6 Error Reporting</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-error-messages-606"></a>Most of the error reporting by other functions in the library is done by
			
 
				-way of the functions declared in <samp><span class="file">error.h</span></samp>.  These function
			
 
				+<a name="Error-Reporting"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Error-Reporting-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">3.6 Error Reporting</h2>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-error-messages-3"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Most of the error reporting by other functions in the library is done by
			
 
				+way of the functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>error.h</tt>&rsquo;.  These function
			
 
				 communicate directly with the user through standard error.  Client
			
 
				 programs should also use these functions where possible for the sake of
			
 
				 a uniform interface.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_set_program_name</b> (<var>char *argv0</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fset_005fprogram_005fname-607"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>The argument to this function should be the address of a null terminated
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_set_program_name</b><i> (char *<var>argv0</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>The argument to this function should be the address of a null terminated
			
 
				 string holding the name of the program to be reported in error messages
			
 
				 that begin with a program name. Typically this string will be the name
			
 
				 of the program as it was invoked on the command line, possibly with path
			
 
				 components stripped from it. An alternative would be to set it to the
			
 
				 name of a virtual code application being evaluated. If this function is
			
 
				-never called, the name <code>"avram"</code> is used by default. Space for a
			
 
				+never called, the name <code>&quot;avram&quot;</code> is used by default. Space for a
			
 
				 copy of the program name is allocated by this function, and a fatal
			
 
				-memory overflow error is possible if there is insufficient space available. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char* <b>avm_program_name</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fprogram_005fname-608"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function returns a pointer to a null terminated character string
			
 
				+memory overflow error is possible if there is insufficient space available.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fprogram_005fname"></a><u>Function:</u> char* <b>avm_program_name</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function returns a pointer to a null terminated character string
			
 
				 holding the program name presently in use. It will be either the name
			
 
				 most recently set by <code>avm_set_program_name</code>, or the default name
			
 
				-<code>"avram"</code> if none has been set. The string whose address is
			
 
				-returned should not be modified by the caller. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_warning</b> (<var>char *message</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fwarning-609"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function writes the null terminated string whose address is given
			
 
				+<code>&quot;avram&quot;</code> if none has been set. The string whose address is
			
 
				+returned should not be modified by the caller.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fwarning"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_warning</b><i> (char *<var>message</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function writes the null terminated string whose address is given
			
 
				 to standard error, prefaced by the program name and followed by a line
			
 
				-break. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_error</b> (<var>char *message</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005ferror-610"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function writes the null terminated string whose address is given
			
 
				+break.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005ferror"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_error</b><i> (char *<var>message</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function writes the null terminated string whose address is given
			
 
				 to standard error, prefaced by the program name and followed by a line
			
 
				 break, as <code>avm_warning</code>, but it then terminates the process with an
			
 
				-exit code of 1. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_fatal_io_error</b> (<var>char *message, char *filename, int reason</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror-611"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is useful for reporting errors caused in the course of
			
 
				+exit code of 1.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_fatal_io_error</b><i> (char *<var>message</var>, char *<var>filename</var>, int <var>reason</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is useful for reporting errors caused in the course of
			
 
				 reading or writing files. The message is written to standard error
			
 
				 prefaced by the program name, and incorporating the name of the relevant
			
 
				-file. The <var>reason</var> should be the error code obtained from the
			
 
				+file. The <code><var>reason</var></code> should be the error code obtained from the
			
 
				 standard <code>errno</code> variable, which will be translated to an
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-612"></a>informative message if possible by the standard <code>strerror</code> function
			
 
				+<a name="index-strerror-4"></a>
			
 
				+informative message if possible by the standard <code>strerror</code> function
			
 
				 and appended to the message. After the message is written, the process
			
 
				-will terminate with an exit code of 1. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_non_fatal_io_error</b> (<var>char *message, char *filename, int reason</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fnon_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror-613"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function does the same as <code>avm_fatal_io_error</code> except that it
			
 
				-doesn't exit the program, and allows control to return to the caller,
			
 
				-which should take appropriate action. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_internal_error</b> (<var>int code</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005finternal_005ferror-614"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is used to report internal errors and halt the
			
 
				+will terminate with an exit code of 1.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fnon_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_non_fatal_io_error</b><i> (char *<var>message</var>, char *<var>filename</var>, int <var>reason</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function does the same as <code>avm_fatal_io_error</code> except that it
			
 
				+doesn&rsquo;t exit the program, and allows control to return to the caller,
			
 
				+which should take appropriate action.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finternal_005ferror"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_internal_error</b><i> (int <var>code</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is used to report internal errors and halt the
			
 
				 program. The error message is written to standard error prefaced by the
			
 
				 program name and followed by a line break. The code should be a unique
			
 
				-integer constant (i.e., not one that's used for any other internal
			
 
				+integer constant (i.e., not one that&rsquo;s used for any other internal
			
 
				 error), that will be printed as part of the error message as an aid to
			
 
				 the maintainer.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function should be used by client programs only in the event of
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function should be used by client programs only in the event of
			
 
				 conditions that constitute some violation of a required invariant. It
			
 
				 indicates to the user that something has gone wrong with the program,
			
 
				-for which a bug report would be appropriate. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_reclamation_failure</b> (<var>char *entity, counter count</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005freclamation_005ffailure-615"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is used only by the <code>avm_count</code> functions to report
			
 
				-unreclaimed storage. The <var>count</var> is the number of units of
			
 
				-storage left unreclaimed, and the <var>entity</var> is the address of
			
 
				+for which a bug report would be appropriate.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005freclamation_005ffailure"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_reclamation_failure</b><i> (char *<var>entity</var>, counter <var>count</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is used only by the <code>avm_count</code> functions to report
			
 
				+unreclaimed storage. The <code><var>count</var></code> is the number of units of
			
 
				+storage left unreclaimed, and the <code><var>entity</var></code> is the address of
			
 
				 a null terminated string describing the type of unreclaimed entity, such
			
 
				-as <code>"lists"</code> or <code>"branches"</code>. The message is written to
			
 
				+as <code>&quot;lists&quot;</code> or <code>&quot;branches&quot;</code>. The message is written to
			
 
				 standard error followed by a line break, but the program is not halted
			
 
				-and control returns to the caller. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+and control returns to the caller.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.8 Example Script</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-script-120"></a><a name="index-shell-script-121"></a>It is recommended that the application developer (or the compiler)
			
 
				+<a name="Example-Script"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Security.html#Security" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<a name="Example-Script-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.8 Example Script</h2>
			
 
				+<a name="index-script"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-shell-script"></a>
			
 
				+<p>It is recommended that the application developer (or the compiler)
			
 
				 package virtual machine code applications as shell scripts with the
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> command line embedded in them. This style relieves the user
			
 
				 of the need to remember the appropriate virtual machine options for
			
 
				 invoking the application, which are always the same for a given
			
 
				 application, or even to be aware of the virtual machine at all.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-cat"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-default_002dto_002dstdin-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Here is a script that performs a similar operation to the standard
			
 
				+<a name="index-Unix-3"></a>
			
 
				+Unix <code>cat</code> utility.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#!/bin/sh
			
 
				+#\
			
 
				+exec avram --force-text-input --default-to-stdin &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$@&quot;
			
 
				+sKYQNTP\
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcat_007d-122"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bdefault_002dto_002dstdin_007d-command-line-option-123"></a>Here is a script that performs a similar operation to the standard
			
 
				-<a name="index-Unix-124"></a>Unix <samp><span class="command">cat</span></samp> utility.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     #!/bin/sh
			
 
				-     #\
			
 
				-     exec avram --force-text-input --default-to-stdin "$0" "$@"
			
 
				-     sKYQNTP\
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">That is, it copies the contents of a file whose
			
 
				+<p>That is, it copies the contents of a file whose
			
 
				 name is given on the command line to standard output, or copies
			
 
				 standard input to standard output if no file name is given. This
			
 
				 script can be marked executable
			
 
				-<a name="index-executable-files-125"></a>(with <samp><span class="command">chmod</span></samp>) and run by any user
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bchmod_007d-126"></a><a name="index-paths-127"></a>with the directory of the <code>avram</code> executable in his or her
			
 
				+<a name="index-executable-files"></a>
			
 
				+(with <code>chmod</code>) and run by any user
			
 
				+<a name="index-chmod"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-paths-1"></a>
			
 
				+with the directory of the <code>avram</code> executable in his or her
			
 
				 <code>PATH</code> environment variable, even if <code>avram</code> had to be
			
 
				 installed in a non-standard directory such as
			
 
				-<a name="index-non_002dstandard-installation-128"></a><samp><span class="file">~/bin</span></samp>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The idea for this script is blatantly lifted from the <samp><span class="command">wish</span></samp>
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bwish_007d-129"></a>manpage. The first line of the script invokes a shell to process
			
 
				+<a name="index-non_002dstandard-installation"></a>
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>~/bin</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The idea for this script is blatantly lifted from the <code>wish</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-wish"></a>
			
 
				+manpage. The first line of the script invokes a shell to process
			
 
				 what follows. The shell treats the second line as a comment and
			
 
				 ignores it.  Based on the third line, the shell invokes <code>avram</code>
			
 
				 with the indicated options, the script itself as the next argument, and
			
 
				 whatever command line parameters were initially supplied by the user
			
 
				 as the remaining arguments. The rest of the script after
			
 
				 that line is never processed by the shell.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>When <code>avram</code> attempts to load the shell script as a virtual
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>When <code>avram</code> attempts to load the shell script as a virtual
			
 
				 machine code file, which happens as a result of it being executed by
			
 
				 the shell, it treats the first line as a comment and ignores it. It
			
 
				 also treats the second line as a comment, but takes heed of the
			
@@ -77,6 +115,30 @@ character. It therefore also treats the third line as a comment and
 
				 ignores it. Starting with the fourth line, it reads the virtual code,
			
 
				 which is in a binary data format encoded with printable characters,
			
 
				 and evaluates it.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.6 Exception Handler Usage</h5>
			
 
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				+<a name="Exception-Handler-Usage-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.6 Exception Handler Usage</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>One way for this feature of the virtual machine to be used is to
			
 
				 intercept and translate error messages to a more meaningful form. An
			
 
				 application guarded as shown below causes messages of invalid deconstruction
			
 
				 to be changed to <code>'syntax error'</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display"><code>main = guard(
			
 
				+   application,
			
 
				+   conditional(
			
 
				+      bu(compare,('invalid deconstruction',nil)),
			
 
				+      (constant ('syntax error',nil),identity)))</code>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="display">     <code>main = guard(
			
 
				-        application,
			
 
				-        conditional(
			
 
				-           bu(compare,('invalid deconstruction',nil)),
			
 
				-           (constant ('syntax error',nil),identity)))</code>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">The conditional compares its argument to the error message for an
			
 
				-<a name="index-deconstruction-370"></a>invalid deconstruction, and if it matches, the syntax error message is
			
 
				+<p>The conditional compares its argument to the error message for an
			
 
				+<a name="index-deconstruction-2"></a>
			
 
				+invalid deconstruction, and if it matches, the syntax error message is
			
 
				 returned, but otherwise the original message is returned. Note that an
			
 
				 error message must be in the form of a list of character strings, so
			
 
				 that it can be printed.  Although the message of <code>'syntax error'</code>
			
 
				-might not be very informative, at least it looks less like a crash. 
			
 
				+might not be very informative, at least it looks less like a crash.
			
 
				 A real application should of course strive to do better than that.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Exception handling features of the virtual machine can also be adapted
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Exception handling features of the virtual machine can also be adapted
			
 
				 by applications to raise their own exceptions with customized messages.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">error_messenger =
			
 
				+   guard(compose(compare,constant nil),constant ('syntax error',nil))
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     error_messenger =
			
 
				-        guard(compose(compare,constant nil),constant ('syntax error',nil))
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">This code fragment implements a function that causes a message of
			
 
				+<p>This code fragment implements a function that causes a message of
			
 
				 <code>'syntax error'</code> to be reported for any possible input.  This code
			
 
				 works by first causing an invalid comparison and then substituting its
			
 
				 own error message. A function that always causes an error is not useful
			
 
				 in itself, but might be used as part of an application in the following
			
 
				 form.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">main = conditional(validation,(application,error_messenger))
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     main = conditional(validation,(application,error_messenger))
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">In this case, the application checks the validity of the input with a
			
 
				+<p>In this case, the application checks the validity of the input with a
			
 
				 predicate, and invokes the error messenger if it is invalid.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Although the previous examples return a fixed error message for each
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Although the previous examples return a fixed error message for each
			
 
				 possible kind of error, it is also possible to have error messages
			
 
				-that depend on the input data, as the next example shows. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbu_007d-371"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bguard_007d-372"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bidentity_007d-373"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bapply_007d-374"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bhired_007d-375"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     main = (hired apply)(
			
 
				-        compose(
			
 
				-           bu(guard,some_application),
			
 
				-           (hired constant)(constant 'invalid input was:',identity)),
			
 
				-        identity)
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">If the application causes an exception for any reason, the error message
			
 
				+that depend on the input data, as the next example shows.
			
 
				+<a name="index-bu-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-guard-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-identity-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-apply-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-hired-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">main = (hired apply)(
			
 
				+   compose(
			
 
				+      bu(guard,some_application),
			
 
				+      (hired constant)(constant 'invalid input was:',identity)),
			
 
				+   identity)
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+  
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>If the application causes an exception for any reason, the error message
			
 
				 returned will include a complete listing of the input, prefaced by the
			
 
				 words <code>'invalid input was:'</code>. This particular example works only if
			
 
				 the input is a list of character strings, but could be adapted for other
			
@@ -88,9 +129,12 @@ first identity. The formatting function would take the relevant data
 
				 type to a list of character strings. Another possible variation would be to
			
 
				 concatenate the invalid input listing with the error message that was
			
 
				 generated, rather than just replacing it.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>As the last example may suggest, exception handlers turn out to be an
			
 
				-<a name="index-debugging-376"></a><a name="index-functional-programming-377"></a><a name="index-imperative-programming-378"></a>essential debugging tool for functional programs, making them as easy to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>As the last example may suggest, exception handlers turn out to be an
			
 
				+<a name="index-debugging"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-functional-programming-4"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-imperative-programming-2"></a>
			
 
				+essential debugging tool for functional programs, making them as easy to
			
 
				 debug as imperative programs if not more so. This example forms the
			
 
				 basis for a higher order function that wraps any given function with an
			
 
				 exception handler that prints the argument causing it to crash. For
			
@@ -102,6 +146,30 @@ of exception handlers that concatenate their messages with previously
 
				 generated messages can show something like a parameter stack dump when a
			
 
				 recursively defined function crashes. These are all matters for a language
			
 
				 designer and are not pursued further in this document.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.15 Exception Handling</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-exceptions-348"></a>In quite a few cases, the properties given for the operator up to this
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Exception-Handling-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.15 Exception Handling</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-exceptions-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In quite a few cases, the properties given for the operator up to this
			
 
				 point do not imply any particular result. A good example would be an
			
 
				 expression such as [[<code>left</code>]] <code>nil</code>, which appears to
			
 
				 represent the left side of an empty pair. It can be argued that
			
@@ -45,15 +74,45 @@ mistake, and in any case, the virtual machine emulator should be
 
				 designed to do something reasonable about them if only for the sake of
			
 
				 reporting the error.  The chosen remedy for this situation addresses the
			
 
				 need for error reporting, and also turns out to be useful in other ways.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="A-Hierarchy-of-Sets.html#A-Hierarchy-of-Sets">2.7.15.1 A Hierarchy of Sets</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">         
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Operator-Generalization.html#Operator-Generalization">2.7.15.2 Operator Generalization</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">     
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">2.7.15.3 Error Messages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">              
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Expedient-Error-Messages.html#Expedient-Error-Messages">2.7.15.4 Expedient Error Messages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#Computable-Error-Messages">2.7.15.5 Computable Error Messages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">   
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Exception-Handler-Usage.html#Exception-Handler-Usage">2.7.15.6 Exception Handler Usage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">     
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Execution Modes</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>Some functions declared in <samp><span class="file">exmodes.h</span></samp> are useful for executing
			
 
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				+<a name="Execution-Modes-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.4.2 Execution Modes</h3>
			
 
				+<p>Some functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>exmodes.h</tt>&rsquo; are useful for executing
			
 
				 interactive applications or filter mode transducers in a manner
			
 
				 consistent with the specifications described in the previous chapter.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_interact</b> (<var>list avm_interactor, int step_mode, int ask_to_overwrite_mode, int quiet_mode</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005finteract-593"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function executes an interactive virtual code application. The
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finteract"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_interact</b><i> (list <var>avm_interactor</var>, int <var>step_mode</var>, int <var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var>, int <var>quiet_mode</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function executes an interactive virtual code application. The
			
 
				 parameters have these interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>avm_interactor</var><dd>is the virtual code for a function that performs as specified in
			
 
				-<a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>step_mode</var><dd>will cause all shell commands to be echoed if set to a non-zero
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>avm_interactor</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the virtual code for a function that performs as specified in
			
 
				+<a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>step_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>will cause all shell commands to be echoed if set to a non-zero
			
 
				 value, and will cause the program to pause after each shell command
			
 
				-until a key is pressed. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var><dd>can be set to a non-zero value by the caller to cause the program to ask
			
 
				+until a key is pressed.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>can be set to a non-zero value by the caller to cause the program to ask
			
 
				 permission of the user to overwrite any existing files in cases where
			
 
				-the virtual code returns a file list as described in <a href="Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction.html#Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction">Mixed Modes of Interaction</a>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>quiet_mode</var><dd>can be set to a non-zero value to suppress console messages in the case
			
 
				-of file output per <a href="Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction.html#Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction">Mixed Modes of Interaction</a>. 
			
 
				+the virtual code returns a file list as described in <a href="Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction.html#Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction">Mixed Modes of Interaction</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>quiet_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>can be set to a non-zero value to suppress console messages in the case
			
 
				+of file output per <a href="Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction.html#Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction">Mixed Modes of Interaction</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>The meaning of this function is accessible to any reader willing to slog
			
 
				+<p>The meaning of this function is accessible to any reader willing to slog
			
 
				 through <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>. The only subtle
			
 
				-point is that <var>avm_interactor</var> parameter in this function
			
 
				+point is that <code><var>avm_interactor</var></code> parameter in this function
			
 
				 does not correspond to the virtual code application that <code>avram</code>
			
 
				 reads from a virtual code file, but to the result computed when the
			
 
				 application read from the file is applied to the data structure
			
 
				 representing the command line and environment.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Any of the memory overflows or i/o errors possible with other functions
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Any of the memory overflows or i/o errors possible with other functions
			
 
				 in the library are possible from this one as well, and will also cause
			
 
				 it to print an error message and halt the program. A badly designed
			
 
				-<a name="index-deadlock-594"></a>virtual code application could cause a deadlock, which will not be
			
 
				+<a name="index-deadlock-2"></a>
			
 
				+virtual code application could cause a deadlock, which will not be
			
 
				 detected or reported
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_trace_interaction</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005ftrace_005finteraction-595"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function enables diagnostic output for the <code>avm_recoverable_interact</code>
			
 
				-function. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005ftrace_005finteraction"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_trace_interaction</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function enables diagnostic output for the <code>avm_recoverable_interact</code>
			
 
				+function.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_disable_interaction</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fdisable_005finteraction-596"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function causes <code>avm_interact</code> and <code>avm_recoverable_interact</code>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdisable_005finteraction"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_disable_interaction</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function causes <code>avm_interact</code> and <code>avm_recoverable_interact</code>
			
 
				 to terminate with an error instead of executing, as required by the
			
 
				-<code>--jail</code> command line option. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+<code>--jail</code> command line option.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_recoverable_interact</b> (<var>list interactor, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005finteract-597"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function is similar to <code>avm_interact</code> but always closes the
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005finteract"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_recoverable_interact</b><i> (list <var>interactor</var>, int <var>*fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function is similar to <code>avm_interact</code> but always closes the
			
 
				 pipe and performs no file i/o, and will return an error message rather
			
 
				 than exiting. Otherwise it returns a transcript of the intereaction as
			
 
				 a list of lists of strings represented as lists of character
			
@@ -96,44 +134,64 @@ encodings.  It implements the <var>interact</var> combinator with the
 
				 virtual code for the transducer function given as the parameter.  A
			
 
				 prior call to <code>avm_trace_interaction</code> will cause diagnostic
			
 
				 information to be written to standard output when this function is
			
 
				-executed. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_byte_transduce</b> (<var>list operator</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fbyte_005ftransduce-598"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function executes a filter mode byte transducer application, which
			
 
				+executed.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fbyte_005ftransduce"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_byte_transduce</b><i> (list <var>operator</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function executes a filter mode byte transducer application, which
			
 
				 behaves as described in <a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">Byte Transducers</a>. The argument is the
			
 
				 virtual code for the application, which would be found in a virtual code
			
 
				 file. There are limited opportunities for i/o errors, as only standard
			
 
				 input and standard output are involved with this function, but fatal
			
 
				-errors due to memory overflow are possible. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_line_map</b> (<var>list operator</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fline_005fmap-599"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function executes line mapped filter mode applications, which are
			
 
				+errors due to memory overflow are possible.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fline_005fmap"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_line_map</b><i> (list <var>operator</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function executes line mapped filter mode applications, which are
			
 
				 explained in <a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">Line Maps</a>. The argument is the virtual code for the
			
 
				-application. Similar comments to those above apply. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_exmodes</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fexmodes-600"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function should be called before any of the other functions in this
			
 
				+application. Similar comments to those above apply.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fexmodes"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_exmodes</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function should be called before any of the other functions in this
			
 
				 section in order to initialize some local variables. Results are
			
 
				-undefined if this function isn't called first. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_exmodes</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fexmodes-601"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function doesn't do anything in the present version of the library,
			
 
				+undefined if this function isn&rsquo;t called first.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fexmodes"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_exmodes</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function doesn&rsquo;t do anything in the present version of the library,
			
 
				 but should be called after the last call to any of the other functions
			
 
				 in this section in order to maintain compatibility with future versions,
			
 
				-which may use it for cleaning up local variables. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+which may use it for cleaning up local variables.
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Expedient-Error-Messages-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.15.4 Expedient Error Messages</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-error-messages-367"></a>Because there are so many ways to cause an invalid deconstruction, this
			
 
				+<a name="index-error-messages-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Because there are so many ways to cause an invalid deconstruction, this
			
 
				 message is the most common in practice and therefore the least
			
 
				 informative. As a matter of convenience, <code>avram</code> takes the liberty
			
 
				 of a slight departure from the virtual machine specification as written
			
 
				 hitherto, and employs the following messages when invalid
			
 
				 deconstructions occur respectively in the cases of recursion,
			
 
				 transposition, and assignment.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>invalid recursion</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid transpose</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>invalid assignment</code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>invalid recursion</code>
			
 
				-<li><code>invalid transpose</code>
			
 
				-<li><code>invalid assignment</code>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">That is, this section contradicts and supersedes what is stated at the
			
 
				+<p>That is, this section contradicts and supersedes what is stated at the
			
 
				 end of <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a> and implied by the operator properties
			
 
				 <em>P14</em>, <em>P16</em>, and <em>P42</em>. It is also possible that user
			
 
				 applications may modify the error messages by methods described in
			
 
				 <a href="Computable-Error-Messages.html#Computable-Error-Messages">Computable Error Messages</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Whereas these three cases constitute an expedient variation on the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Whereas these three cases constitute an expedient variation on the
			
 
				 semantics, there is another sense in which no possible implementation
			
 
				 could conform faithfully to the specification. When an evaluation can
			
 
				 not be carried out because of insufficient space on the host machine,
			
 
				 one of the following error messages may be the result.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code>memory overflow</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code>counter overflow</code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li><code>memory overflow</code>
			
 
				-<li><code>counter overflow</code>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">These messages are treated in the same way as those that are caused by
			
 
				+<p>These messages are treated in the same way as those that are caused by
			
 
				 programming errors, and propagate to the final result written to
			
 
				 standard error without any specific consideration by the application
			
 
				 developer. The latter occurs only in connection with the built in weight
			
 
				 function (<a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a>). Other messages listed in
			
 
				 <a href="Application-Programming-Errors.html#Application-Programming-Errors">Application Programming Errors</a> are also of this ilk.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
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				-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix D External Libraries</h2>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="External-Libraries"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Changes.html#Changes" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="bes.html#bes" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Changes.html#Changes" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Copying.html#Copying" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="External-Libraries-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h1 class="appendix">D. External Libraries</h1>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Various functions are callable from virtual code applications by way
			
 
				 of the <code>library</code> combinator as explained in <a href="Library-combinator.html#Library-combinator">Library combinator</a>. An expression (shown in <code>silly</code> syntax) of the form
			
 
				 <code>library('foo','bar') x</code> applies a function named <code>'bar'</code>
			
 
				 from a library named <code>'foo'</code> to an argument <code>x</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A brief overview of the libraries and functions can always be had by
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A brief overview of the libraries and functions can always be had by
			
 
				 executing
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">$ avram --external-libraries
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     $ avram --external-libraries
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">The listing displayed by this command may show some that are not
			
 
				+<p>The listing displayed by this command may show some that are not
			
 
				 included here if this version of the documentation is not current or
			
 
				 your installation has been locally enhanced. It may also lack some
			
 
				 that are documented here if your installation is not fully equipped.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Although the overview from the command line is adequate for a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Although the overview from the command line is adequate for a
			
 
				 reminder, it is not informative enough to explain how each function
			
 
				 should be used. The purpose of this section is to provide this
			
 
				 information in greater detail.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Some general comments are applicable to all libraries.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Each library documented in this section can generate error messages in
			
 
				-the event of exceptional conditions, that are documented individually. 
			
 
				-In addition to those, it's also possible for any library function to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some general comments are applicable to all libraries.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Each library documented in this section can generate error messages in
			
 
				+the event of exceptional conditions, that are documented individually.
			
 
				+In addition to those, it&rsquo;s also possible for any library function to
			
 
				 return error messages of
			
 
				-<a name="index-unrecognized-library-703"></a><a name="index-unrecognized-function-name-704"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     &lt;'unrecognized library'&gt;
			
 
				-     &lt;'unrecognized <var>xxxx</var> function name'&gt;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">where <var>xxxx</var> is the name of a library.  These indicate either that
			
 
				+<a name="index-unrecognized-library"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-unrecognized-function-name"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">&lt;'unrecognized library'&gt;
			
 
				+&lt;'unrecognized <var>xxxx</var> function name'&gt;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>where <var>xxxx</var> is the name of a library.  These indicate either that
			
 
				 the library name is invalid, or the library name is valid but the
			
 
				-function name is invalid, or that they're both valid but the library
			
 
				-wasn't detected on the host when <code>avram</code> was compiled. A virtual
			
 
				+function name is invalid, or that they&rsquo;re both valid but the library
			
 
				+wasn&rsquo;t detected on the host when <code>avram</code> was compiled. A virtual
			
 
				 code application can always avoid these errors by testing for the
			
 
				 availability of a function using the <code>have</code> combinator (<a href="Have-combinator.html#Have-combinator">Have combinator</a>).
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In addition, any library function that operates on numerical values or
			
 
				+lists thereof can return these messages in cases of invalid input.
			
 
				+<a name="index-missing-value-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-value-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-bad-vector-specification"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-bad-matrix-specification"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">&lt;'missing value'&gt;
			
 
				+&lt;'invalid value'&gt;
			
 
				+&lt;'bad vector specification'&gt;
			
 
				+&lt;'bad matrix specification'&gt;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>In addition, any library function that operates on numerical values or
			
 
				-lists thereof can return these messages in cases of invalid input. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-missing-value-705"></a><a name="index-invalid-value-706"></a><a name="index-bad-vector-specification-707"></a><a name="index-bad-matrix-specification-708"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     &lt;'missing value'&gt;
			
 
				-     &lt;'invalid value'&gt;
			
 
				-     &lt;'bad vector specification'&gt;
			
 
				-     &lt;'bad matrix specification'&gt;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">These messages indicate that an input parameter that was required to
			
 
				+<p>These messages indicate that an input parameter that was required to
			
 
				 be a valid representation of a floating point number, a vector,
			
 
				-or a matrix was something other than that (<a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>). 
			
 
				+or a matrix was something other than that (<a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>).
			
 
				 The last could also occur if a parameter that is required to be
			
 
				 a square matrix has unequal numbers of rows and columns.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="bes.html#bes">D.1 <code>bes</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">       Bessel functions
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="complex.html#complex">D.2 <code>complex</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">   native complex arithmetic
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="fftw.html#fftw">D.3 <code>fftw</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">      fast Fourier transforms
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="glpk.html#glpk">D.4 <code>glpk</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">      simplex linear programming
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="gsldif.html#gsldif">D.5 <code>gsldif</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    numerical differentiation
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="gslevu.html#gslevu">D.6 <code>gslevu</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    series acceleration
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="gslint.html#gslint">D.7 <code>gslint</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    numerical integration
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="harminv.html#harminv">D.8 <code>harminv</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">   harmonic inversion
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="kinsol.html#kinsol">D.9 <code>kinsol</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    constrained non-linear optimization
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="lapack.html#lapack">D.10 <code>lapack</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    linear algebra
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="math.html#math">D.11 <code>math</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">      native floating point arithmetic
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="mtwist.html#mtwist">D.12 <code>mtwist</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">    random number generation
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="minpack.html#minpack">D.13 <code>minpack</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">   non-linear optimization
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="mpfr.html#mpfr">D.14 <code>mpfr</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">      arbitrary precision arithmetic
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve">D.15 <code>lpsolve</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">   mixed integer programming
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="rmath.html#rmath">D.16 <code>rmath</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">     statistical and special functions
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="umf.html#umf">D.17 <code>umf</code></a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">       sparse matrices
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+</table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<ul class="menu">
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="1" href="bes.html#bes">bes</a>:        Bessel functions
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="2" href="complex.html#complex">complex</a>:    native complex arithmetic
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="3" href="fftw.html#fftw">fftw</a>:       fast Fourier transforms
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="4" href="glpk.html#glpk">glpk</a>:       simplex linear programming
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="5" href="gsldif.html#gsldif">gsldif</a>:     numerical differentiation
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="6" href="gslevu.html#gslevu">gslevu</a>:     series acceleration
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="7" href="gslint.html#gslint">gslint</a>:     numerical integration
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="8" href="harminv.html#harminv">harminv</a>:    harmonic inversion
			
 
				-<li><a accesskey="9" href="kinsol.html#kinsol">kinsol</a>:     constrained non-linear optimization
			
 
				-<li><a href="lapack.html#lapack">lapack</a>:     linear algebra
			
 
				-<li><a href="math.html#math">math</a>:       native floating point arithmetic
			
 
				-<li><a href="mtwist.html#mtwist">mtwist</a>:     random number generation
			
 
				-<li><a href="minpack.html#minpack">minpack</a>:    non-linear optimization
			
 
				-<li><a href="mpfr.html#mpfr">mpfr</a>:       arbitrary precision arithmetic
			
 
				-<li><a href="lpsolve.html#lpsolve">lpsolve</a>:    mixed integer programming
			
 
				-<li><a href="rmath.html#rmath">rmath</a>:      statistical and special functions
			
 
				-<li><a href="umf.html#umf">umf</a>:        sparse matrices
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">3.9 External Library Maintenance</h3>
			
 
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				+<h2 class="section">3.9 External Library Maintenance</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>External mathematical library functions such as those documented in
			
 
				 <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a> that are invoked from virtual code by the
			
 
				 <code>library</code> combinator (<a href="Library-combinator.html#Library-combinator">Library combinator</a>) are also
			
 
				 accessible from C by way of a uniform API implemented by the functions
			
 
				 declared in <code>libfuns.h</code>. This interface applies even to libraries
			
 
				-<a name="index-Fortran-653"></a>implemented in Fortran such as <code>minpack</code>. This section briefly
			
 
				+<a name="index-Fortran-1"></a>
			
 
				+implemented in Fortran such as <code>minpack</code>. This section briefly
			
 
				 documents the functions in <code>libfuns.h</code> and sets out some
			
 
				 recommeded guidelines for developers wishing to add support for other
			
 
				 external libraries.
			
 
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				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
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				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Working-around-library-misfeatures.html#Working-around-library-misfeatures">3.9.3 Working around library misfeatures</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.8.2 Fan</h5>
			
 
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				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfan_007d-294"></a>In cases where a deconstructions would be needed to apply the same
			
 
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				+<a name="Fan-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.8.2 Fan</h4>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-fan"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In cases where a deconstructions would be needed to apply the same
			
 
				 function to both sides of a pair, the overhead can be avoided by means
			
 
				 of a property of the virtual machine intended for that purpose.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A <code>silly</code> definition of <code>fan</code> implying the following theorem is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A <code>silly</code> definition of <code>fan</code> implying the following theorem is
			
 
				 helpful in expressing such an application.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T14</em><dd>[[<code>fan</code>]] <var>f</var> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,</code><var>f</var><code>),(nil,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T14</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>fan</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,<var>f</var>),(nil,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The virtual machine recognizes when an application has the form shown
			
 
				-above, and uses <var>f</var> as a function to be applied to both sides
			
 
				+<p>The virtual machine recognizes when an application has the form shown
			
 
				+above, and uses <code><var>f</var></code> as a function to be applied to both sides
			
 
				 of the argument.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P13</em><dd>([[<code>fan</code>]] <var>f</var>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <code>(</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>,</code><var>f</var> <var>y</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P13</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>fan</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code>(<var>f</var> <var>x</var>,<var>f</var> <var>y</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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@@ -1,84 +1,148 @@
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.8.1 Field</h5>
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.8.1 Field</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The virtual machine supports a generalization of the <code>left</code> and
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bleft_007d-291"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bright_007d-292"></a><code>right</code> deconstruction operations that is applicable to deeply nested
			
 
				+<a name="index-left-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-right-1"></a>
			
 
				+<code>right</code> deconstruction operations that is applicable to deeply nested
			
 
				 structures. Use of this feature is conducive to code that is faster and
			
 
				 more compact than is possible by relying on the primitive deconstructors
			
 
				 alone. It may also be easier for a code optimizer to recognize and
			
 
				 transform.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The general form of a virtual code application to perform deconstruction
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The general form of a virtual code application to perform deconstruction
			
 
				 is that it is a pair with a <code>nil</code> left side, and a non-<code>nil</code>
			
 
				 right side. The right side indicates the nature of the deconstruction to
			
 
				 be performed when the function is evaluated on an argument.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>To make the expression of deconstruction functions more readable in
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>To make the expression of deconstruction functions more readable in
			
 
				 <code>silly</code>, the standard library contains the declaration
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">field = couple(constant nil,identity)
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     field = couple(constant nil,identity)
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">which implies the following theorem.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T13</em><dd>[[<code>field</code>]] <var>w</var> = <code>(nil,</code><var>w</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+<p>which implies the following theorem.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T13</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>w</var></code> = <code>(nil,<var>w</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfield_007d-293"></a>The virtual machine recognizes an application in this form and evaluates
			
 
				-it according to the following properties, where <var>u</var> and
			
 
				-<var>v</var> are other than <code>nil</code>, but <var>x</var>,
			
 
				-<var>y</var>, and <var>z</var> are unrestricted.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P10</em><dd>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(</code><var>u</var><code>,nil)</code>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = ([[<code>field</code>]] <var>u</var>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P11</em><dd>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(nil,</code><var>v</var><code>)</code>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = ([[<code>field</code>]] <var>v</var>) <var>y</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P12</em><dd>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(</code><var>u</var><code>,v)</code>) <var>z</var> = <code>((</code>[[<code>field</code>]] <var>u</var><code>) </code><var>z</var><code>,(</code>[[<code>field</code>]] <var>v</var><code>) </code><var>z</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-field"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The virtual machine recognizes an application in this form and evaluates
			
 
				+it according to the following properties, where <code><var>u</var></code> and
			
 
				+<code><var>v</var></code> are other than <code>nil</code>, but <code><var>x</var></code>,
			
 
				+<code><var>y</var></code>, and <code><var>z</var></code> are unrestricted.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P10</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(<var>u</var>,nil)</code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = ([[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>u</var></code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P11</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(nil,<var>v</var>)</code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = ([[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>v</var></code>) <code><var>y</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P12</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(<var>u</var>,<code>v</code>)</code>) <code><var>z</var></code> = <code>((</code>[[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>u</var>) <var>z</var>,(</code>[[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>v</var>) <var>z</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">One might also add that ([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(nil,nil)</code>)
			
 
				-<var>z</var> = <var>z</var>, but this statement would be equivalent to
			
 
				+<p>One might also add that ([[<code>field</code>]] <code>(nil,nil)</code>)
			
 
				+<code><var>z</var></code> = <code><var>z</var></code>, but this statement would be equivalent to
			
 
				 <em>P0</em>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A suitable choice of the <code>field</code> operand permits the implementation
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A suitable choice of the <code>field</code> operand permits the implementation
			
 
				 of any deconstruction function expressible in terms of <code>compose</code>,
			
 
				 <code>couple</code>, <code>identity</code>, <code>left</code> and <code>right</code>. For
			
 
				 example, the application <code>couple(compose(right,right),left)</code> has an
			
 
				 equivalent representation in
			
 
				 <code>field((nil,(nil,(nil,nil))),((nil,nil),nil))</code>. The latter looks
			
 
				 longer in <code>silly</code> but is smaller and faster in virtual code.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">1.6.4 File Format Errors</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="File-Format-Errors-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">1.6.4 File Format Errors</h3>
			
 
				 <p>Certain application crashes result from an application not adhering
			
 
				 to the required conventions about data and file formats, or because the
			
 
				 application was invoked in the wrong mode (<a href="Modes-of-Operation.html#Modes-of-Operation">Modes of Operation</a>). These
			
 
				 are the following.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>application-name</var><code>: invalid text format (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-text-format_007d-77"></a>An application that was expected to return a string of characters to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: invalid text format (code <var>nn</var>)</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-invalid-text-format"></a>
			
 
				+<p>An application that was expected to return a string of characters to
			
 
				 be written to a text file returned data that did not correspond to any
			
 
				-valid character representation. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: null character in prompt</code><dd>An interactive application (invoked rightly or wrongly with <samp><span class="option">-i</span></samp>,
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">-t</span></samp>, or <samp><span class="option">-s</span></samp>) is required to exchange strings of non-null
			
 
				-characters internally with <code>avram</code>, and used a null. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: invalid file name (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code><dd>The data structure representing a file obtained from an application
			
 
				+valid character representation.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: null character in prompt</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>An interactive application (invoked rightly or wrongly with &lsquo;<samp>-i</samp>&rsquo;,
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>-t</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>-s</samp>&rsquo;) is required to exchange strings of non-null
			
 
				+characters internally with <code>avram</code>, and used a null.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: invalid file name (code <var>nn</var>)</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>The data structure representing a file obtained from an application
			
 
				 has a name consisting of something other than character strings. This
			
 
				-error could be the result of a filter mode application (<a href="Filter-Mode.html#Filter-Mode">Filter Mode</a>) being invoked in parameter mode. 
			
 
				+error could be the result of a filter mode application (<a href="Filter-Mode.html#Filter-Mode">Filter Mode</a>) being invoked in parameter mode.
			
 
				 (<a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode">Parameter Mode</a>)
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: null character in file name</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bnull-character-in-file-name_007d-78"></a>Similar to the above errors. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: bad character in file name</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbad-character-in-file-name_007d-79"></a>Slashes, backslashes, and unprintable characters other than spaces are
			
 
				-also prohibited in file names. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: invalid output preamble format</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-output-preamble-format_007d-80"></a>According the format used by <code>avram</code> for data files, a data file
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: null character in file name</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-null-character-in-file-name"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Similar to the above errors.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: bad character in file name</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-bad-character-in-file-name"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Slashes, backslashes, and unprintable characters other than spaces are
			
 
				+also prohibited in file names.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: invalid output preamble format</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-invalid-output-preamble-format"></a>
			
 
				+<p>According the format used by <code>avram</code> for data files, a data file
			
 
				 may contain an optional text portion, known as the preamble. This
			
 
				 error occurs when a data file obtained from an application can not be
			
 
				 written because the preamble is something other than a list of
			
 
				-character strings. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: invalid file specification</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-specification_007d-81"></a>This error occurs in situations where the data structure for a file
			
 
				+character strings.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: invalid file specification</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-invalid-file-specification"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This error occurs in situations where the data structure for a file
			
 
				 obtained by evaluating the application is too broken to permit any
			
 
				-more specific diagnosis. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>avram: invalid raw file format in </code><var>application-name</var><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-raw-file-format_007d-82"></a>The file containing the virtual machine code was not able to be
			
 
				+more specific diagnosis.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>avram: invalid raw file format in <var>application-name</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-invalid-raw-file-format"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The file containing the virtual machine code was not able to be
			
 
				 loaded, because the code was not in a recognizable format. Either the
			
 
				 file has become corrupted, the compiler that generated it has a
			
 
				-bug in it, or the wrong file was used as a virtual code file. 
			
 
				+bug in it, or the wrong file was used as a virtual code file.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">2.3 File Format</h3>
			
 
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				+<a name="File-Format-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">2.3 File Format</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-file-format-154"></a>A virtual code file consists of an optional text preamble, followed by
			
 
				+<a name="index-file-format"></a>
			
 
				+<p>A virtual code file consists of an optional text preamble, followed by
			
 
				 the concrete representation for a tree. The latter uses the
			
 
				 syntax described in the previous section. The purpose of this section is
			
 
				 to specify the remaining details of the file format.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The format for virtual code files may also be used for other purposes
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The format for virtual code files may also be used for other purposes
			
 
				 by virtual code applications, as it is automatically detected and parsed
			
 
				 by <code>avram</code> when used in an input file, and can be automatically
			
 
				 written to output files at the discretion of the application.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Other than virtual code files, input files not conforming to this format
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Other than virtual code files, input files not conforming to this format
			
 
				 are not an error as far as <code>avram</code> is concerned, because they are
			
 
				-<a name="index-text-files-155"></a>assumed to be text files. Applications can detect in virtual code
			
 
				+<a name="index-text-files"></a>
			
 
				+assumed to be text files. Applications can detect in virtual code
			
 
				 the assumption that is made and report an error if appropriate.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Although the data file format includes no checksums or other explicit
			
 
				-<a name="index-checksums-156"></a>methods of error detection, the concrete syntax itself provides a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Although the data file format includes no checksums or other explicit
			
 
				+<a name="index-checksums"></a>
			
 
				+methods of error detection, the concrete syntax itself provides a
			
 
				 good measure of protection against undetected errors. The probability is
			
 
				 vanishingly small that a random alteration to any valid encoding leaves
			
 
				 it intact, because every bit in the sequence either mandates or
			
 
				 prohibits the occurrence of two more bits somewhere after it. Errors in
			
 
				 different parts of the file would have to be consistent with one another
			
 
				 to go unnoticed.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">3.3 File Manipulation</h3>
			
 
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				+<a name="File-Manipulation-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">3.3 File Manipulation</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The functions described in this section provide an interface between
			
 
				 virtual code applications and the host file system by converting
			
 
				 between files or file names and their representations as lists. These
			
 
				 conversions are necessary when passing a file to a virtual code
			
 
				 application, or when writing a file received in the result of one.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                  
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                   
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">3.3.3 Formatted Input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">             
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">            
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="File-Names-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.3.1 File Names</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>A standard representation is used by virtual code applications for the
			
 
				-<a name="index-file-names-528"></a>path names of files, following the description in <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a>. The functions and constants declared in <code>fnames.h</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-file-names-2"></a>
			
 
				+path names of files, following the description in <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a>. The functions and constants declared in <code>fnames.h</code>
			
 
				 provide an API for operating on file names in this form.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_path_representation</b> (<var>char *path</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fpath_005frepresentation-529"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>If a C program is to invoke a virtual code application and pass a path
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fpath_005frepresentation"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_path_representation</b><i> (char *<var>path</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>If a C program is to invoke a virtual code application and pass a path
			
 
				 name to it as a parameter, this function can be used to generate the
			
 
				 appropriate representation from a given character string.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">conf_path = avm_path_representation(&quot;/etc/resolve.conf&quot;);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          conf_path = avm_path_representation("/etc/resolve.conf");
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>In this example, <code>conf_path</code> is a <code>list</code>.  For potentially
			
 
				+<p>In this example, <code>conf_path</code> is a <code>list</code>.  For potentially
			
 
				 better portability, a C program can use the character constant
			
 
				 <code>avm_path_separator_character</code> in place of the slashes in hard
			
 
				 coded path names.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Other useful constants are <code>avm_current_directory_prefix</code> as a
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fpath_005fseparator_005fcharacter_007d-530"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fpath_005fseparator_007d-531"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fcurrent_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-532"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005fparent_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-533"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bavm_005froot_005fdirectory_005fprefix_007d-534"></a>portable replacement for <code>"./"</code>, as well as
			
 
				-<code>avm_parent_directory_prefix</code> instead of <code>"../"</code>. There is
			
 
				-also <code>avm_root_directory_prefix</code> for <code>"/"</code>. These three
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Other useful constants are <code>avm_current_directory_prefix</code> as a
			
 
				+<a name="index-avm_005fpath_005fseparator_005fcharacter"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-avm_005fpath_005fseparator"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-avm_005fcurrent_005fdirectory_005fprefix"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-avm_005fparent_005fdirectory_005fprefix"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-avm_005froot_005fdirectory_005fprefix"></a>
			
 
				+portable replacement for <code>&quot;./&quot;</code>, as well as
			
 
				+<code>avm_parent_directory_prefix</code> instead of <code>&quot;../&quot;</code>. There is
			
 
				+also <code>avm_root_directory_prefix</code> for <code>&quot;/&quot;</code>. These three
			
 
				 constants are null terminated strings, unlike
			
 
				 <code>avm_path_separator_character</code>, which is a character.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If a <code>NULL</code> pointer is passed as the <var>path</var>, a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If a <code>NULL</code> pointer is passed as the <code><var>path</var></code>, a
			
 
				 <code>NULL</code> list is returned, which is the path representation for
			
 
				 standard input or standard output. If the address of an empty string is
			
 
				-passed to this function as the <var>path</var>, the list of the empty
			
 
				+passed to this function as the <code><var>path</var></code>, the list of the empty
			
 
				 string will be returned, which is the path representation for the root
			
 
				-directory. Trailing path separators are ignored, so <code>"/"</code> is the
			
 
				+directory. Trailing path separators are ignored, so <code>&quot;/&quot;</code> is the
			
 
				 same as the empty string.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Some memory needs to be allocated for the result of this function. If
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some memory needs to be allocated for the result of this function. If
			
 
				 the memory is not available, an error message is written to standard
			
 
				-error and the process is terminated. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_date_representation</b> (<var>char *path</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdate_005frepresentation-535"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is essentially a wrapper around the standard
			
 
				+error and the process is terminated.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdate_005frepresentation"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_date_representation</b><i> (char *<var>path</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is essentially a wrapper around the standard
			
 
				 <code>ctime_r</code> function that not only gets the time stamp for a file at
			
 
				 a given path, but transforms it to a list representation according to
			
 
				 <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. It needs to allocate memory for the result and
			
 
				 will cause the program to exit with an error message if there is not
			
 
				 enough memory available.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The time stamp will usually be in a format like <code>Sun Mar 4 10:56:40
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The time stamp will usually be in a format like <code>Sun Mar 4 10:56:40
			
 
				 GMT 2001</code>. If for some reason the time stamp can not be obtained, the
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunknown-date_007d-536"></a>result will be a representation of the string <code>unknown date</code>. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: char* <b>avm_path_name</b> (<var>list path</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fpath_005fname-537"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is the inverse of <code>avm_path_representation</code>, in that
			
 
				+<a name="index-unknown-date"></a>
			
 
				+result will be a representation of the string <code>unknown date</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fpath_005fname"></a><u>Function:</u> char* <b>avm_path_name</b><i> (list <var>path</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is the inverse of <code>avm_path_representation</code>, in that
			
 
				 it takes a list representing a path to the path name expressed as a character
			
 
				 string. This function can be used in C programs that invoke virtual code
			
 
				 applications returning paths as part of their results, so that the C
			
 
				 program can get the path into a character string in order to open the file.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the <var>path</var> parameter is <code>NULL</code>, a <code>NULL</code> pointer
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the <code><var>path</var></code> parameter is <code>NULL</code>, a <code>NULL</code> pointer
			
 
				 is returned as the result. The calling program should check for a
			
 
				-<a name="index-standard-input-538"></a><a name="index-standard-output-539"></a><code>NULL</code> result and interpret it as the path to standard input or
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-input-9"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-output-4"></a>
			
 
				+<code>NULL</code> result and interpret it as the path to standard input or
			
 
				 standard output.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The memory needed for the character string whose address is returned is
			
 
				-allocated by this function if possible. The given <var>path</var> is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The memory needed for the character string whose address is returned is
			
 
				+allocated by this function if possible. The given <code><var>path</var></code> is
			
 
				 not required to be consistent with the host file system, but it is
			
 
				 required to consist of representations of non-null printable characters
			
 
				 or spaces as lists per <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>.  In the event of any error
			
 
				 or overflow, control does not return to the caller, but an error message
			
 
				 is printed and the program is aborted. The possible error messages from
			
 
				-this function are the following. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcounter-overflow_007d-540"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmemory-overflow_007d-541"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bnull-character-in-file-name_007d-542"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbad-character-in-file-name_007d-543"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-name_007d-544"></a>
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: counter overflow (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: memory overflow (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: null character in file name</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: bad character in file name</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: invalid file name (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        </blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_fnames</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005ffnames-545"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>A few housekeeping operations relevant to internal data structures are
			
 
				+this function are the following.
			
 
				+<a name="index-counter-overflow-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-memory-overflow-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-null-character-in-file-name-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-bad-character-in-file-name-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-file-name"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: counter overflow (code <var>nn</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: memory overflow (code <var>nn</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: null character in file name</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: bad character in file name</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: invalid file name (code <var>nn</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+</dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005ffnames"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_fnames</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>A few housekeeping operations relevant to internal data structures are
			
 
				 performed by this function, making it necessary to be called by the
			
 
				-client program prior to using any of the other ones. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_fnames</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005ffnames-546"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function can be used after the the last call to any of the other
			
 
				+client program prior to using any of the other ones.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005ffnames"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_fnames</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function can be used after the the last call to any of the other
			
 
				 functions in this section during a run, and it will detect memory leaks
			
 
				 that may be attributable to code in these functions or misuse
			
 
				 thereof. If any unreclaimed storage remains when this function is
			
 
				 called, a warning message will be written to standard error. If the
			
 
				 function <code>avm_count_lists</code> is also being used by the client, it
			
 
				-should be called after this one. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
				+should be called after this one.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="File-Manipulation.html#File-Manipulation" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="File-Manipulation.html#File-Manipulation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.9 Files</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
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				+<a name="Files-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.9 Files</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><code>./profile.txt</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bprofile_002etxt_007d-130"></a>This file is written automatically by <code>avram</code> on behalf of
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code>./profile.txt</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-profile_002etxt"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This file is written automatically by <code>avram</code> on behalf of
			
 
				 applications that include profile annotations. It lists the number of
			
 
				 invocations for each annotated part of the application, the total
			
 
				 amount of time spent on it (in relative units), the average amount of
			
 
				 time for each invocation, and the percentage of time relative to the
			
 
				 remainder of the application. The exact format is undocumented and
			
 
				-subject to change. 
			
 
				+subject to change.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
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				+</p>
			
 
				+</body>
			
 
				+</html>
			
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@@ -1,54 +1,97 @@
 
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				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a>,
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">2.5 Filter Mode Interface</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-filter-mode-171"></a><a name="index-parameter-mode-172"></a><a name="index-modes-173"></a>From the point of view of the application developer or compiler writer,
			
 
				+<a name="Filter-Mode-Interface"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Filter-Mode-Interface-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">2.5 Filter Mode Interface</h2>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-filter-mode-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-parameter-mode-3"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-modes-3"></a>
			
 
				+<p>From the point of view of the application developer or compiler writer,
			
 
				 there are parameter mode applications, which are discussed in
			
 
				 <a href="Parameter-Mode-Interface.html#Parameter-Mode-Interface">Parameter Mode Interface</a>, and filter mode applications,
			
 
				 which are discussed in this section. Of the latter, there are mainly
			
 
				 three kinds: those that read one character at a time, those that read a
			
 
				 line at a time, and those that read the whole standard input file at
			
 
				-<a name="index-standard-input-174"></a>once. Each of them is invoked with different options and expected to
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-input-4"></a>
			
 
				+once. Each of them is invoked with different options and expected to
			
 
				 follow different calling conventions. This section summarizes these
			
 
				 conventions.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once.html#Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once">2.5.1 Loading All of Standard Input at Once</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">  
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Line-Maps.html#Line-Maps">2.5.2 Line Maps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                   
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Byte-Transducers.html#Byte-Transducers">2.5.3 Byte Transducers</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">            
			
 
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				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Modes-of-Operation.html#Modes-of-Operation">Modes of Operation</a>,
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.3 Filter Mode Options</h3>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Filter-Mode-Options-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">1.3 Filter Mode Options</h2>
			
 
				 <p>The options available in filter mode are listed below. Except as
			
 
				 otherwise noted, all options are mutually exclusive. Ordinarily a
			
 
				 given application will require certain fixed settings of these options
			
 
				 and will not work properly if they are set inappropriately.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><code>-r, --raw-output</code><dd><a name="index-raw_002doutput-command-line-option-25"></a>Normally the result obtained by evaluating the function in the virtual
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-r, <code>--raw-output</code></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-raw_002doutput-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Normally the result obtained by evaluating the function in the virtual
			
 
				 code file must be a list of character strings, which is written as
			
 
				 such to standard output. However, if this option is selected, the form
			
 
				 of the result is unconstrained, and it will be written in a data file
			
 
				 format that is not human readable but can be used by other
			
 
				 applications. This option is incompatible with any other options
			
 
				-except <samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-c, --choice-of-output</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bchoice_002dof_002doutput_007d-command-line-option-26"></a>When this option is used, the evaluation of the function given by the
			
 
				+except &lsquo;<samp>-u</samp>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-c, --choice-of-output</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-choice_002dof_002doutput-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>When this option is used, the evaluation of the function given by the
			
 
				 virtual machine code will be expected to yield a data structure from
			
 
				 which <code>avram</code> will ascertain whether standard output should be
			
 
				 written in text or raw data format.  This option should be used only
			
 
				 if application is aware of it. It is incompatible with any other options
			
 
				-except <samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-l, --line-map</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-27"></a>Normally the entire contents of standard input up to <code>EOF</code> are
			
 
				+except &lsquo;<samp>-u</samp>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-l, --line-map</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-line_002dmap-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Normally the entire contents of standard input up to <code>EOF</code> are
			
 
				 loaded into memory and used as the argument to the function in the
			
 
				 virtual code file. However, this option causes standard input to be read
			
 
				 a line at a time, with the function applied individually to each line,
			
 
				 and its result in each case written immediately to standard output.  A
			
 
				 given application either requires this option or does not, and will not
			
 
				 work properly in the alternative. This option implies
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">--force-text-input</span></samp> and is incompatible with any other option except
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-b, --byte-transducer</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbyte_002dtransducer_007d-command-line-option-28"></a>This option causes standard input to be read one character at a time,
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>--force-text-input</samp>&rsquo; and is incompatible with any other option except
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>-u</samp>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-b, --byte-transducer</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This option causes standard input to be read one character at a time,
			
 
				 evaluating the function given by the virtual code file each time. The
			
 
				 function is used as a state transition function that takes a state and
			
 
				 input to a next state and output. The output is written concurrently
			
 
				 with the input operations. A given application will not work properly
			
 
				 with an inappropriate setting of this option.  This option implies
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">--force-text-input</span></samp> and is incompatible with any other option
			
 
				-except <samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-u, --unparameterized</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bunparameterized_007d-command-line-option-29"></a>Normally <code>avram</code> guesses whether to use filter mode or parameter
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>--force-text-input</samp>&rsquo; and is incompatible with any other option
			
 
				+except &lsquo;<samp>-u</samp>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-u, --unparameterized</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-unparameterized-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Normally <code>avram</code> guesses whether to use filter mode or parameter
			
 
				 mode depending on whether there are any parameters. Selecting this
			
 
				 option forces it to operate in filter mode regardless. Any parameters
			
 
				 that may appear on the command line after the virtual code file name
			
 
				 are ignored. This option may be used in conjunction with any other
			
 
				-filter mode option. 
			
 
				+filter mode option.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Parameter-Mode.html#Parameter-Mode" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<p>
			
 
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				+            Karl Berry  <[email protected]>
			
 
				+            Olaf Bachmann <[email protected]>
			
 
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				+Maintained by: Many creative people.
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">1.2.1 Filter Mode</h4>
			
 
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				-<p><a name="index-filter-mode-21"></a><a name="index-modes-22"></a>In filter mode, the argument to the function given by the virtual code
			
 
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				+<a name="Filter-Mode-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">1.2.1 Filter Mode</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-filter-mode"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-modes-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In filter mode, the argument to the function given by the virtual code
			
 
				 is taken from standard input, and the result is written to standard
			
 
				 output, except for error messages resulting from a failure to evaluate
			
 
				-the function, which are written to standard error. 
			
 
				-See <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a>. Filter mode is indicated whenever these three
			
 
				+the function, which are written to standard error.
			
 
				+See section <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a>. Filter mode is indicated whenever these three
			
 
				 conditions are all met.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>Either at least one of the filter mode options appears on the command
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+Either at least one of the filter mode options appears on the command
			
 
				 line preceding the first filename parameter, or there are no options at
			
 
				-all. See <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a>. 
			
 
				-<li>Exactly one filename parameter appears on the command line,
			
 
				-which is the name of the virtual machine code file. 
			
 
				-<li>Either the filename comes last on the command line, or the
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">--unparameterized</span></samp> option precedes it, causing
			
 
				-everything following it to be ignored. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">Examples:
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><kbd>avram mynewapp &lt; inputfilename</kbd><dd><a name="index-standard-input-23"></a>In this example, filter mode is recognized by default because there are
			
 
				+all. See section <a href="Filter-Mode-Options.html#Filter-Mode-Options">Filter Mode Options</a>.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Exactly one filename parameter appears on the command line,
			
 
				+which is the name of the virtual machine code file.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Either the filename comes last on the command line, or the
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>--unparameterized</samp>&rsquo; option precedes it, causing
			
 
				+everything following it to be ignored.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+ 
			
 
				+<p>Examples:
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <kbd>avram mynewapp &lt; inputfilename</kbd></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-standard-input-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In this example, filter mode is recognized by default because there are
			
 
				 no options or input files on the command line to indicate
			
 
				 otherwise. (The input file redirected into standard input is not treated
			
 
				-by the shell as a command line argument.) 
			
 
				-<br><dt><kbd>cat somefile | avram -r coolprog &gt; outputfile</kbd><dd>In this example, the <samp><span class="option">-r</span></samp> option gives it away, being one of the
			
 
				+by the shell as a command line argument.)
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <kbd>cat somefile | avram -r coolprog &gt; outputfile</kbd></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>In this example, the &lsquo;<samp>-r</samp>&rsquo; option gives it away, being one of the
			
 
				 filter mode options, in addition to the fact that there are no input
			
 
				-file parameters or application-specific options. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><kbd>avram -u devilmaycare.avm --bogusoption ignoredparameter</kbd><dd>In this case, filter mode is forced by the <samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp>
			
 
				-option despite indications to the contrary. 
			
 
				+file parameters or application-specific options.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <kbd>avram -u devilmaycare.avm --bogusoption ignoredparameter</kbd></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>In this case, filter mode is forced by the &lsquo;<samp>-u</samp>&rsquo;
			
 
				+option despite indications to the contrary.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.2 Filter</h5>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfilter_007d-320"></a>Another well known list operation is that which applies a predicate to
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.2 Filter</h4>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-filter"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Another well known list operation is that which applies a predicate to
			
 
				 every item of a list, and deletes those for which the predicate is
			
 
				-false. For a predicate with virtual code <var>p</var>, such an
			
 
				+false. For a predicate with virtual code <code><var>p</var></code>, such an
			
 
				 application can be coded conveniently in this form,
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T23</em><dd>[[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var> = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(</code><var>p</var><code>,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T23</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code> = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(<var>p</var>,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">which is to say that writing <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(</code><var>p</var><code>,nil)))</code> in
			
 
				-<code>silly</code> is the same as writing <code>filter </code><var>p</var>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The virtual machine detects code of this form provided that
			
 
				-<var>p</var> is other than <code>nil</code>, and evaluates it consistently
			
 
				+<p>which is to say that writing <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(<var>p</var>,nil)))</code> in
			
 
				+<code>silly</code> is the same as writing <code>filter <var>p</var></code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The virtual machine detects code of this form provided that
			
 
				+<code><var>p</var></code> is other than <code>nil</code>, and evaluates it consistently
			
 
				 with the following properties, causing it to have the meaning that it
			
 
				 does.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P26</em><dd>([[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var>) <code>nil</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P27</em><dd>([[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> =
			
 
				-([[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var>) <var>y</var> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P28</em><dd>([[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> =
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code>([[<code>filter</code>]] <var>p</var>) <var>y</var><code>)</code> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> is a non-<code>nil</code> tree
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P26</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code>nil</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P27</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> =
			
 
				+([[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code><var>y</var></code> if <code><var>p</var> <code><var>x</var></code></code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P28</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> =
			
 
				+<code>(<var>x</var>,</code>([[<code>filter</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code><var>y</var>)</code> if <code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code> is a non-<code>nil</code> tree
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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				+
			
 
				+
			
 
				 </head>
			
 
				-<body>
			
 
				-<div class="node">
			
 
				-<a name="Formatted-Input"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a>,
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="File-Manipulation.html#File-Manipulation">File Manipulation</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.3 Formatted Input</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="Formatted-Input"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="File-Manipulation.html#File-Manipulation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Formatted-Input-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.3.3 Formatted Input</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Some functions relating to the input of text files or data files with
			
 
				-preambles are declared in the header file <samp><span class="file">formin.h</span></samp>. The usage of
			
 
				+preambles are declared in the header file &lsquo;<tt>formin.h</tt>&rsquo;. The usage of
			
 
				 these functions is as follows.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_preamble_and_contents</b> (<var>FILE *source, char *filename</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fpreamble_005fand_005fcontents-555"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function loads a file of either text or data format into memory.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>source</var><dd>should be initialized by the caller as the address of a file
			
 
				-already open for reading that will be read from its current position. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>filename</var><dd>should be set by the caller to the address of a null terminated
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fpreamble_005fand_005fcontents"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_preamble_and_contents</b><i> (FILE *<var>source</var>, char *<var>filename</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function loads a file of either text or data format into memory.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>source</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>should be initialized by the caller as the address of a file
			
 
				+already open for reading that will be read from its current position.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>filename</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>should be set by the caller to the address of a null terminated
			
 
				 character string giving the name of the file that will be used if an i/o
			
 
				 error message needs to be written about it. If it is a <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				-pointer, standard input is assumed. 
			
 
				+pointer, standard input is assumed.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>The result returned by the function will be a list whose <code>head</code>
			
 
				-<a name="index-preamble-556"></a>represents the preamble of the file and whose <code>tail</code> represents the
			
 
				+<p>The result returned by the function will be a list whose <code>head</code>
			
 
				+<a name="index-preamble-6"></a>
			
 
				+represents the preamble of the file and whose <code>tail</code> represents the
			
 
				 contents. As a side effect, the input file will be closed, unless the
			
 
				-<var>filename</var> parameter is <code>NULL</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the file conforms to the format described in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, the
			
 
				+<code><var>filename</var></code> parameter is <code>NULL</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the file conforms to the format described in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, the
			
 
				 preamble is a list of character strings. In the result returned by the
			
 
				 function, the <code>head</code> field will be a list with one item for each
			
 
				 line in the file, and each item will be a list of character
			
@@ -65,21 +98,22 @@ stripped. The <code>tail</code> will be the list specified by remainder of the
 
				 file according to <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a>.  If the file has an empty
			
 
				 preamble but is nevertheless a data file, the <code>head</code> will be a list
			
 
				 whose <code>head</code> and <code>tail</code> are both <code>NULL</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the file does not conform to the format in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, then
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the file does not conform to the format in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, then
			
 
				 the <code>head</code> of the result will be <code>NULL</code>, and the <code>tail</code>
			
 
				 will be a list of lists of character representations, with one for each
			
 
				-line.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Whether or not the file conforms to the format is determined on the fly,
			
 
				+line. 
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Whether or not the file conforms to the format is determined on the fly,
			
 
				 so this function is useful for situations in which the format is not
			
 
				 known in advance. The conventions regarding the preamble and contents
			
 
				 maintained by this function are the same as those used by virtual code
			
 
				 applications as described in <a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">Standard Output Representation</a> and
			
 
				 <a href="Input-Data-Structure.html#Input-Data-Structure">Input Data Structure</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The characters used for line breaks are not explicitly represented in
			
 
				-<a name="index-line-breaks-557"></a>the result. Depending on the host system, line breaks in text files may
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The characters used for line breaks are not explicitly represented in
			
 
				+<a name="index-line-breaks-1"></a>
			
 
				+the result. Depending on the host system, line breaks in text files may
			
 
				 be represented either by the character code 10, or by the sequence 13
			
 
				 10. However, in order for the library to deal with binary files in a
			
 
				 portable way, a line break always corresponds to a 10 as far as this
			
@@ -88,81 +122,110 @@ any other character. Hence, if this function were used on binary files
 
				 that happened to have some 10s in them, the exact contents of a
			
 
				 file could be reconstructed easily by appending a 10 to all but the last
			
 
				 line and flattening the list.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>A considerable amount of memory may need to be allocated by this
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A considerable amount of memory may need to be allocated by this
			
 
				 function in order to store the file as a list. If not enough memory is
			
 
				 available, the function prints an error message to standard error and
			
 
				 aborts rather than returning to the caller. However, i/o errors are not
			
 
				 fatal, and will cause the function to print a warning but attempt to
			
 
				-continue. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_load</b> (<var>FILE *source, char *filename, int raw</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fload-558"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Similarly to <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code>, this function also loads
			
 
				+continue.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fload"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_load</b><i> (FILE *<var>source</var>, char *<var>filename</var>, int <var>raw</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Similarly to <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code>, this function also loads
			
 
				 a file into memory, but the format is specified in advance.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>source</var><dd>should be set by the caller to the address of an already open file for
			
 
				-reading, which will be read from its current position. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>filename</var><dd>should be initialized by the caller as a pointer to a null terminated
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>source</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>should be set by the caller to the address of an already open file for
			
 
				+reading, which will be read from its current position.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>filename</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>should be initialized by the caller as a pointer to a null terminated
			
 
				 string containing the name of the file that will be reported to the user
			
 
				 in the event of an error reading from it. If it is a <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				-pointer, standard input is assumed. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>raw</var><dd>is set to a non-zero value by the caller to indicate that the file is
			
 
				+pointer, standard input is assumed.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>raw</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is set to a non-zero value by the caller to indicate that the file is
			
 
				 expected to conform to the format in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>. If the file is
			
 
				-an ordinary text file, then it should be set to zero. 
			
 
				+an ordinary text file, then it should be set to zero.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>In the case of a data file, which is when <var>raw</var> is non-zero,
			
 
				+<p>In the case of a data file, which is when <code><var>raw</var></code> is non-zero,
			
 
				 the result returned by this function will be a list representing the
			
 
				 data section of the file and ignoring the preamble. In the case of a
			
 
				 text file, the result will be a list of lists of character
			
 
				 representations as per <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>, with one such list for
			
 
				 each line in the file. Similar comments about line breaks to those
			
 
				 mentioned under <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code> are applicable.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>As a side effect of this function, the <var>source</var> file will be
			
 
				-closed, unless the <var>filename</var> is a <code>NULL</code> pointer.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function is useful when the type of file is known in advance. If a
			
 
				-data file is indicated by the <var>raw</var> parameter but the format
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>As a side effect of this function, the <code><var>source</var></code> file will be
			
 
				+closed, unless the <code><var>filename</var></code> is a <code>NULL</code> pointer.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function is useful when the type of file is known in advance. If a
			
 
				+data file is indicated by the <code><var>raw</var></code> parameter but the format
			
 
				 is incorrect, an error message is reported and the process
			
 
				 terminates. The error message will be of the form
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display"><code><var>program-name</var>: invalid raw file format in <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="display">          <var>program-name</var><code>: invalid raw file format in </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>Alternatively, if a text file is indicated by the
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-raw-file-format_007d-559"></a><var>raw</var> parameter, then no attempt is made to test whether it
			
 
				+<p>Alternatively, if a text file is indicated by the
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-raw-file-format-2"></a>
			
 
				+<code><var>raw</var></code> parameter, then no attempt is made to test whether it
			
 
				 could be interpreted as data, even if it could be. This behavior differs
			
 
				 from that of <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code>, where a bad data
			
 
				 file format causes the file to be treated as text, and a valid data file
			
 
				 format, even in a &ldquo;text&rdquo; file, causes it to be treated as data.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Memory requirements for this function are significant and will cause the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Memory requirements for this function are significant and will cause the
			
 
				 process to abort with an error message in the event of insufficient free
			
 
				 memory. Messages pertaining to i/o errors are also possible and are not
			
 
				-fatal. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_formin</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fformin-560"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called before either of the other functions in
			
 
				+fatal.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fformin"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_formin</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called before either of the other functions in
			
 
				 this section is called, as it initializes some necessary static data
			
 
				 structures. Results of the other functions are undefined if this one is
			
 
				-not called first. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_formin</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fformin-561"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the other
			
 
				+not called first.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fformin"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_formin</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the other
			
 
				 functions in this section, as it is necessary for cleaning up and
			
 
				 reclaiming some internal data. If any storage remains unreclaimed due to
			
 
				 memory leaks in these functions or to misuse of them, a warning message
			
 
				 is written to standard error. If the function <code>avm_count_lists</code> is
			
 
				 also being used by the client program, it should be called after this
			
 
				-one. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
				+one.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="File-Manipulation.html#File-Manipulation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.4 Formatted Output</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>The following functions pertaining to the output of text files or data files with
			
 
				-<a name="index-preamble-562"></a>preambles are declared in the header file <samp><span class="file">formout.h</span></samp>.
			
 
				+<a name="Formatted-Output"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Invocation.html#Invocation" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Formatted-Output-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.3.4 Formatted Output</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_output</b> (<var>FILE *repository, char *filename, list preamble, list contents, int trace_mode</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005foutput-563"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function writes a either a text file or a data file in the format
			
 
				+<p>The following functions pertaining to the output of text files or data files with
			
 
				+<a name="index-preamble-7"></a>
			
 
				+preambles are declared in the header file &lsquo;<tt>formout.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p><dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005foutput"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_output</b><i> (FILE *<var>repository</var>, char *<var>filename</var>, list <var>preamble</var>, list <var>contents</var>, int <var>trace_mode</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function writes a either a text file or a data file in the format
			
 
				 described in <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>. The parameters have these
			
 
				 interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>repository</var><dd>is the address of a file opened for writing by the caller, that will be
			
 
				-written from its current position. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>filename</var><dd>is the address of a null terminated character string set
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>repository</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the address of a file opened for writing by the caller, that will be
			
 
				+written from its current position.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>filename</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the address of a null terminated character string set
			
 
				 by the caller to be the name of the file that will
			
 
				 be reported to the user in the event of an i/o error. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>preamble</var><dd>is <code>NULL</code> in the case of a text file, but a list of character string
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>preamble</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is <code>NULL</code> in the case of a text file, but a list of character string
			
 
				 representations as per <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>, in the case of a data
			
 
				 file. If a data file has is to be written with an empty preamble, then
			
 
				 this list should have a <code>NULL</code> <code>head</code> and a <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				-<code>tail</code>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>contents</var><dd>is either a list of character string representations in the case of a
			
 
				-text file, or is an unconstrained list in the case of a data file. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>trace_mode</var><dd>may be set to a non-zero value by the caller to request that everything
			
 
				+<code>tail</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>contents</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is either a list of character string representations in the case of a
			
 
				+text file, or is an unconstrained list in the case of a data file.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>trace_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>may be set to a non-zero value by the caller to request that everything
			
 
				 written to a text file should be echoed to standard output. It is
			
 
				-ignored in the case of a data file. 
			
 
				+ignored in the case of a data file.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>The effect of calling this function is to write the preamble and
			
 
				+<p>The effect of calling this function is to write the preamble and
			
 
				 contents to the file in the format indicated by the preamble. The file
			
 
				 is left open when this function returns.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Line breaks are always written as character code 10, not as 13 10,
			
 
				-<a name="index-line-breaks-564"></a>regardless of the convention on the host system, so that files written
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Line breaks are always written as character code 10, not as 13 10,
			
 
				+<a name="index-line-breaks-2"></a>
			
 
				+regardless of the convention on the host system, so that files written
			
 
				 by this function can be reliably read by other functions in the library.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Leading hashes are automatically added to the beginning of the lines in
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Leading hashes are automatically added to the beginning of the lines in
			
 
				 the preamble, except where they are unnecessary due to a continuation
			
 
				 character on the previous line. This action enforces consistency with the
			
 
				 file format, ensuring that anything written as a data file can be read
			
 
				 back as one. The hashes are stripped automatically when the file is
			
 
				 read by <code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Another feature of this function is that it will mark any output file as
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Another feature of this function is that it will mark any output file as
			
 
				 executable if it is a data format file with a prelude whose first
			
 
				-<a name="index-executable-files-565"></a>character in the first line is an exclamation point. This feature makes
			
 
				+<a name="index-executable-files-1"></a>
			
 
				+character in the first line is an exclamation point. This feature makes
			
 
				 it easier for a compiler implemented in virtual code to generate
			
 
				 executable shell scripts directly.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>A fatal error is reported if any of the data required
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A fatal error is reported if any of the data required
			
 
				 to be a character representation is not listed in the <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. A fatal error can also be caused by a memory overflow. Possible
			
 
				-error messages are the following. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-output-preamble-format_007d-566"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-text-format_007d-567"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-568"></a>
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: invalid output preamble format</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: invalid text format</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: can't write to </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-569"></a>In the last case, the error message will be followed by an explanation
			
 
				-furnished by the standard <code>strerror</code> function if available. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_output_as_directed</b> (<var>list data, int ask_to_overwrite_mode, int verbose_mode</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005foutput_005fas_005fdirected-570"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function writes an ensemble of files at specified paths in either
			
 
				+error messages are the following.
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-output-preamble-format-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-text-format-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-can_0027t-write-2"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: invalid output preamble format</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: invalid text format</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: can't write to <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-strerror-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>In the last case, the error message will be followed by an explanation
			
 
				+furnished by the standard <code>strerror</code> function if available.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005foutput_005fas_005fdirected"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_output_as_directed</b><i> (list <var>data</var>, int <var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var>, int <var>verbose_mode</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function writes an ensemble of files at specified paths in either
			
 
				 text or data format, optionally interacting with the user through
			
 
				 standard input and output. The parameters
			
 
				 have these interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>data</var><dd>is a list in which each item specifies a file to be
			
 
				-written. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var><dd>may be set to a non-zero value by the calling program in order to
			
 
				-have this function ask the user for permission to overwrite existing files. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>verbose_mode</var><dd>may be set to a non-zero value by the calling program to have this
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>data</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list in which each item specifies a file to be
			
 
				+written.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>may be set to a non-zero value by the calling program in order to
			
 
				+have this function ask the user for permission to overwrite existing files.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>verbose_mode</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>may be set to a non-zero value by the calling program to have this
			
 
				 function print to standard output a list of the names of the files it
			
 
				-writes. 
			
 
				+writes.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>A high level interface between virtual code applications and the file
			
 
				-system is provided by this function. The <var>data</var> parameter
			
 
				+<p>A high level interface between virtual code applications and the file
			
 
				+system is provided by this function. The <code><var>data</var></code> parameter
			
 
				 format is compatible with the the data structure returned by an
			
 
				 application complying with the conventions in <a href="Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications.html#Output-From-Non_002dinteractive-Applications">Output From Non-interactive Applications</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Each item in the <var>data</var> list should be a non-empty list whose
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Each item in the <code><var>data</var></code> list should be a non-empty list whose
			
 
				 <code>head</code> and <code>tail</code> are also non-empty. The fields in each item have
			
 
				 the following relevance to the file it specifies.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> is <code>NULL</code> if the file is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> The <code>head</code> of the <code>head</code> is <code>NULL</code> if the file is
			
 
				 to be opened for appending, and non-<code>NULL</code> if it is to be
			
 
				-overwritten. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> represents a path as a list of
			
 
				+overwritten.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> represents a path as a list of
			
 
				 character string representations, in a form suitable as an argument to
			
 
				-<code>avm_path_name</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>head</code> of the <code>tail</code> represents the preamble of the
			
 
				+<code>avm_path_name</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>head</code> of the <code>tail</code> represents the preamble of the
			
 
				 file, as either <code>NULL</code> for a text file or a non-empty list of
			
 
				-character string representations for a data file. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>tail</code> of the <code>tail</code> represents the contents of the
			
 
				+character string representations for a data file.
			
 
				+</li><li> The <code>tail</code> of the <code>tail</code> represents the contents of the
			
 
				 file, either as a list of character string representations for a text
			
 
				-file or as a list in an unconstrained format for a data file. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+file or as a list in an unconstrained format for a data file.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p>For each item in the list, the function performs the following steps.
			
 
				-          <ol type=1 start=1>
			
 
				-<li>It decides whether to open a file
			
 
				+<p>For each item in the list, the function performs the following steps.
			
 
				+</p><ol>
			
 
				+<li> It decides whether to open a file
			
 
				 for overwriting or appending based on the <code>head</code> of the
			
 
				-<code>head</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>It uses the <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> to find out the
			
 
				+<code>head</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li> It uses the <code>tail</code> of the <code>head</code> to find out the
			
 
				 file name from <code>avm_path_name</code>, in order to open it. 
			
 
				-<li>If the
			
 
				-<var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var> flag is set and the file is found to
			
 
				+</li><li> If the
			
 
				+<code><var>ask_to_overwrite_mode</var></code> flag is set and the file is found to
			
 
				 exist already, the function will print one of the following messages to
			
 
				 standard output, depending on whether the file is to be overwritten or
			
 
				 appended.
			
 
				-               <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: overwrite </code><var>filename</var><code>? (y/n)</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: append to </code><var>filename</var><code>? (y/n)</code>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-          It will then insist on either <kbd>y</kbd> or <kbd>n</kbd> as an answer before continuing. 
			
 
				-<li>If the <var>ask_to_overwrite</var> flag has not been set, or the file did
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: overwrite <var>filename</var>? (y/n)</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: append to <var>filename</var>? (y/n)</code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+<p>It will then insist on either <kbd>y</kbd> or <kbd>n</kbd> as an answer before continuing.
			
 
				+</p></li><li> If the <code><var>ask_to_overwrite</var></code> flag has not been set, or the file did
			
 
				 not previously exist, or the answer of <kbd>y</kbd> was given, the preamble
			
 
				-and contents of the file are then written with <code>avm_output</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>If permission to write or append was denied, one of the following
			
 
				+and contents of the file are then written with <code>avm_output</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li> If permission to write or append was denied, one of the following
			
 
				 messages is reported to standard output, and the data that were to be
			
 
				-written are lost. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bnot-writing_007d-file-name-571"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bwriting_007d-file-name-572"></a>
			
 
				-               <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: not writing </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: not appending </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <li>If permission was granted to write or append to the file or the <var>verbose_mode</var> flag is
			
 
				+written are lost.
			
 
				+<a name="index-not-writing-file-name"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-writing-file-name"></a>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: not writing <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: not appending <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+</li><li> If permission was granted to write or append to the file or the <code><var>verbose_mode</var></code> flag is
			
 
				 set, one of the messages
			
 
				 
			
 
				-               <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: writing </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: appending </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: writing <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: appending <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <p>is sent to standard output.
			
 
				-             </ol>
			
 
				+<p>is sent to standard output.
			
 
				+</p></li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-        <p><a name="index-standard-output-573"></a>If any files are to be written to standard output, which would be
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-output-5"></a>
			
 
				+<p>If any files are to be written to standard output, which would be
			
 
				 indicated by a <code>NULL</code> path, they are not written until all other
			
 
				 files in the list are written. This feature is in the interest of
			
 
				-<a name="index-security-574"></a>security, as it makes it more difficult for malicious or inept virtual
			
 
				+<a name="index-security-1"></a>
			
 
				+security, as it makes it more difficult for malicious or inept virtual
			
 
				 code to alter the appearance of the console through standard output until after
			
 
				 the interactive dialogue has taken place. Permission is not solicited
			
 
				 for writing to standard output, and it will not be closed.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Any of the fatal errors or i/o errors possible with <code>avm_output</code> or
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Any of the fatal errors or i/o errors possible with <code>avm_output</code> or
			
 
				 <code>avm_path_name</code> are also possible with this function, as well as
			
 
				-the following additional ones. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-file-specification_007d-575"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-close_007d-576"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-577"></a>
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: invalid file specification</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: can't close </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: can't write </code><var>filename</var>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The last two are non-fatal i/o errors that will be accompanied by an
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bstrerror_007d-578"></a>explanation from the <code>strerror</code> function if the host supports
			
 
				-it. The other message is the result of a badly formatted
			
 
				-<var>data</var> parameter.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        </blockquote></div>
			
 
				+the following additional ones.
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-file-specification-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-can_0027t-close-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-can_0027t-write-3"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: invalid file specification</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: can't close <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: can't write <var>filename</var></code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_put_bytes</b> (<var>list bytes</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fput_005fbytes-579"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function takes a list of character representations, converts them
			
 
				+<p>The last two are non-fatal i/o errors that will be accompanied by an
			
 
				+<a name="index-strerror-3"></a>
			
 
				+explanation from the <code>strerror</code> function if the host supports
			
 
				+it. The other message is the result of a badly formatted
			
 
				+<code><var>data</var></code> parameter.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+</dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fput_005fbytes"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_put_bytes</b><i> (list <var>bytes</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function takes a list of character representations, converts them
			
 
				 to characters, and sends them to standard output. There is no chance of
			
 
				-a memory overflow, but the following other errors are possible. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binvalid-text-format_007d-580"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcan_0027t-write_007d-581"></a>
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: invalid text format (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<li><var>program-name</var><code>: can't write to standard output</code>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The latter is non-fatal, but the former causes the program to abort. 
			
 
				-It is caused when any member of the list <var>bytes</var> is not a
			
 
				-character representation appearing in <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_formout</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fformout-582"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function initializes some data structures used locally by the other
			
 
				-functions in this section, and should be called at the beginning of a
			
 
				-run before any of them is called. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+a memory overflow, but the following other errors are possible.
			
 
				+<a name="index-invalid-text-format-2"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-can_0027t-write-4"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> <code><var>program-name</var>: invalid text format (code <var>nn</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</li><li> <code><var>program-name</var>: can't write to standard output</code>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_formout</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fformout-583"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function doesn't do anything in the current version of the library,
			
 
				+<p>The latter is non-fatal, but the former causes the program to abort.
			
 
				+It is caused when any member of the list <code><var>bytes</var></code> is not a
			
 
				+character representation appearing in <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fformout"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_formout</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function initializes some data structures used locally by the other
			
 
				+functions in this section, and should be called at the beginning of a
			
 
				+run before any of them is called.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fformout"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_formout</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function doesn&rsquo;t do anything in the current version of the library,
			
 
				 but should be called after the last call to any of the other functions
			
 
				 in this section. Future versions of the library might use this function
			
 
				 for cleaning up some internal data structures, and client programs that
			
 
				-call it will maintain compatibility with them. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+call it will maintain compatibility with them.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				-<h2 class="unnumbered">Function Index</h2>
			
 
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				+<h1 class="unnumbered">Function Index</h1>
			
 
				+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a href="#Function-Index-1_fn_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>*</b></a>
			
 
				+ &nbsp; 
			
 
				+<br>
			
 
				+<a href="#Function-Index-1_fn_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
			
 
				+ &nbsp; 
			
 
				+</td></tr></table>
			
 
				+<table border="0" class="index-fn">
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index-1_fn_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-_002aavm_005fmatrix_005fof_005flist"><code>*avm_matrix_of_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-_002aavm_005fmatrix_005freflection"><code>*avm_matrix_reflection</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-_002aavm_005fmatrix_005ftransposition"><code>*avm_matrix_transposition</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-_002aavm_005fpacked_005fmatrix_005fof_005flist"><code>*avm_packed_matrix_of_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-_002aavm_005frow_005fnumber_005farray"><code>*avm_row_number_array</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-_002aavm_005fstandard_005funstrung"><code>*avm_standard_unstrung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-_002aavm_005funstrung"><code>*avm_unstrung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-_002aavm_005fvalue_005fof_005flist"><code>*avm_value_of_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">3.1.4.1 Primitive types</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-_002aavm_005fvector_005fof_005flist"><code>*avm_vector_of_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.2 One dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index-1_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fanticipate"><code>avm_anticipate</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005fapply"><code>avm_apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">3.1.8 The Universal Function</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005farea"><code>avm_area</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fbinary_005fcomparison"><code>avm_binary_comparison</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">3.1.5 Comparison</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fbinary_005fmembership"><code>avm_binary_membership</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fbyte_005ftransduce"><code>avm_byte_transduce</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcharacter_005fcode"><code>avm_character_code</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcharacter_005frepresentation"><code>avm_character_representation</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fclearjmp"><code>avm_clearjmp</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">3.9.3.3 Suicidal exception handling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fcomparison"><code>avm_comparison</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">3.1.5 Comparison</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fconcatenation"><code>avm_concatenation</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fcopied"><code>avm_copied</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fapply"><code>avm_count_apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">3.1.8 The Universal Function</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fbranches"><code>avm_count_branches</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fchrcodes"><code>avm_count_chrcodes</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fcmdline"><code>avm_count_cmdline</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fcompare"><code>avm_count_compare</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">3.1.5 Comparison</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fdecons"><code>avm_count_decons</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">3.1.6 Deconstruction Functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fexmodes"><code>avm_count_exmodes</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fcount_005ffnames"><code>avm_count_fnames</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fformin"><code>avm_count_formin</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">3.3.3 Formatted Input</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fformout"><code>avm_count_formout</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fcount_005finstruct"><code>avm_count_instruct</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flibfuns"><code>avm_count_libfuns</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flistfuns"><code>avm_count_listfuns</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flists"><code>avm_count_lists</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fmatcon"><code>avm_count_matcon</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fmwrap"><code>avm_count_mwrap</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fportals"><code>avm_count_portals</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fports"><code>avm_count_ports</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fprofile"><code>avm_count_profile</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005fcount_005frawio"><code>avm_count_rawio</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fdate_005frepresentation"><code>avm_date_representation</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdebug_005fmemory"><code>avm_debug_memory</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005fdeconstruction"><code>avm_deconstruction</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">3.1.6 Deconstruction Functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fdefault_005fcommand_005fline"><code>avm_default_command_line</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fdisable_005finteraction"><code>avm_disable_interaction</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fdispose"><code>avm_dispose</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch"><code>avm_dispose_branch</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch_005fqueue"><code>avm_dispose_branch_queue</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005frows"><code>avm_dispose_rows</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fdistribution"><code>avm_distribution</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdont_005fdebug_005fmemory"><code>avm_dont_debug_memory</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdont_005fmanage_005fmemory"><code>avm_dont_manage_memory</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fenqueue"><code>avm_enqueue</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fenqueue_005fbranch"><code>avm_enqueue_branch</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005fentries"><code>avm_entries</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fenvironment"><code>avm_environment</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005ferror"><code>avm_error</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror"><code>avm_fatal_io_error</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005ffree_005fmanaged_005fmemory"><code>avm_free_managed_memory</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005fhave_005flibrary_005fcall"><code>avm_have_library_call</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fapply"><code>avm_initialize_apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">3.1.8 The Universal Function</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fbranches"><code>avm_initialize_branches</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fchrcodes"><code>avm_initialize_chrcodes</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fcmdline"><code>avm_initialize_cmdline</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">3.4.1 Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fcompare"><code>avm_initialize_compare</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">3.1.5 Comparison</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fdecons"><code>avm_initialize_decons</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">3.1.6 Deconstruction Functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fexmodes"><code>avm_initialize_exmodes</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005ffnames"><code>avm_initialize_fnames</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fformin"><code>avm_initialize_formin</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">3.3.3 Formatted Input</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fformout"><code>avm_initialize_formout</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005finstruct"><code>avm_initialize_instruct</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flibfuns"><code>avm_initialize_libfuns</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flistfuns"><code>avm_initialize_listfuns</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flists"><code>avm_initialize_lists</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fmatcon"><code>avm_initialize_matcon</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">3.1.4.4 Related utility functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fmwrap"><code>avm_initialize_mwrap</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fportals"><code>avm_initialize_portals</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fports"><code>avm_initialize_ports</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fprofile"><code>avm_initialize_profile</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005frawio"><code>avm_initialize_rawio</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005finteract"><code>avm_interact</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005finternal_005ferror"><code>avm_internal_error</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fjoin"><code>avm_join</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005flength"><code>avm_length</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005flibrary_005fcall"><code>avm_library_call</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">3.9.1 Calling existing library functions</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fline_005fmap"><code>avm_line_map</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fmatrix"><code>avm_list_of_matrix</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fpacked_005fmatrix"><code>avm_list_of_packed_matrix</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.3 Two dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fvalue"><code>avm_list_of_value</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">3.1.4.1 Primitive types</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fvector"><code>avm_list_of_vector</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">3.1.4.2 One dimensional arrays</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fload"><code>avm_load</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">3.3.3 Formatted Input</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fmanage_005fmemory"><code>avm_manage_memory</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">3.9.3.2 Memory leaks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fmeasurement"><code>avm_measurement</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fmembership"><code>avm_membership</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fmultiscanned"><code>avm_multiscanned</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fnatural"><code>avm_natural</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fnewport"><code>avm_newport</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fnew_005fportal"><code>avm_new_portal</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fnon_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror"><code>avm_non_fatal_io_error</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005foutput"><code>avm_output</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005foutput_005fas_005fdirected"><code>avm_output_as_directed</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005fname"><code>avm_path_name</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005frepresentation"><code>avm_path_representation</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">3.3.1 File Names</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fposition"><code>avm_position</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fpreamble_005fand_005fcontents"><code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">3.3.3 Formatted Input</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fprint_005flist"><code>avm_print_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">3.1.1 Simple Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fprior_005fto_005fversion"><code>avm_prior_to_version</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">3.5 Version Management</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fprogram_005fname"><code>avm_program_name</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fprompt"><code>avm_prompt</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005fput_005fbytes"><code>avm_put_bytes</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">3.3.4 Formatted Output</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005freceived_005flist"><code>avm_received_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005freclamation_005ffailure"><code>avm_reclamation_failure</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fanticipate"><code>avm_recoverable_anticipate</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fapply"><code>avm_recoverable_apply</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">3.1.8 The Universal Function</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005farea"><code>avm_recoverable_area</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">3.1.2 Recoverable Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue"><code>avm_recoverable_enqueue</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">3.1.2 Recoverable Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue_005fbranch"><code>avm_recoverable_enqueue_branch</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">3.1.7 Indirection</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005finteract"><code>avm_recoverable_interact</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fjoin"><code>avm_recoverable_join</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">3.1.2 Recoverable Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005flength"><code>avm_recoverable_length</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">3.1.2 Recoverable Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fnatural"><code>avm_recoverable_natural</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">3.1.2 Recoverable Operations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fprompt"><code>avm_recoverable_prompt</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstandard_005fstrung"><code>avm_recoverable_standard_strung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstrung"><code>avm_recoverable_strung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005freschedule"><code>avm_reschedule</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fretire"><code>avm_retire</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005freversal"><code>avm_reversal</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fscanned_005flist"><code>avm_scanned_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fscheduled"><code>avm_scheduled</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fseal"><code>avm_seal</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005fsend_005flist"><code>avm_send_list</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">3.3.2 Raw Files</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fsetjmp"><code>avm_setjmp</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">3.9.3.3 Suicidal exception handling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fsetnonjump"><code>avm_setnonjump</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">3.9.3.3 Suicidal exception handling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"><code>avm_set_program_name</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fset_005fversion"><code>avm_set_version</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">3.5 Version Management</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fsever"><code>avm_sever</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">3.8.2 Ports and Packets</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005fcode"><code>avm_standard_character_code</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005frepresentation"><code>avm_standard_character_representation</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fstrung"><code>avm_standard_strung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstrung"><code>avm_strung</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">3.2 Characters and Strings</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005ftally"><code>avm_tally</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">3.7 Profiling</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005ftrace_005finteraction"><code>avm_trace_interaction</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">3.4.2 Execution Modes</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005ftransposition"><code>avm_transposition</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">3.1.3 List Transformations</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstderr"><code>avm_turn_off_stderr</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">3.9.3.1 Inept excess verbiage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstdout"><code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">3.9.3.1 Inept excess verbiage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstderr"><code>avm_turn_on_stderr</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">3.9.3.1 Inept excess verbiage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstdout"><code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">3.9.3.1 Inept excess verbiage</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fversion"><code>avm_version</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">3.5 Version Management</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fwarning"><code>avm_warning</code></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">3.6 Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
			
 
				+</table>
			
 
				+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a href="#Function-Index-1_fn_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>*</b></a>
			
 
				+ &nbsp; 
			
 
				+<br>
			
 
				+<a href="#Function-Index-1_fn_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
			
 
				+ &nbsp; 
			
 
				+</td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<ul class="index-fn" compact>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fmatrix_005fof_005flist-454"><code>*avm_matrix_of_list</code></a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fmatrix_005freflection-468"><code>*avm_matrix_reflection</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fmatrix_005ftransposition-465"><code>*avm_matrix_transposition</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fpacked_005fmatrix_005fof_005flist-462"><code>*avm_packed_matrix_of_list</code></a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005frow_005fnumber_005farray-471"><code>*avm_row_number_array</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fstandard_005funstrung-520"><code>*avm_standard_unstrung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005funstrung-519"><code>*avm_unstrung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fvalue_005fof_005flist-440"><code>*avm_value_of_list</code></a>: <a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-g_t_002aavm_005fvector_005fof_005flist-447"><code>*avm_vector_of_list</code></a>: <a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">One dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fanticipate-493"><code>avm_anticipate</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005fapply-504"><code>avm_apply</code></a>: <a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005farea-412"><code>avm_area</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fbinary_005fcomparison-484"><code>avm_binary_comparison</code></a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fbinary_005fmembership-436"><code>avm_binary_membership</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fbyte_005ftransduce-598"><code>avm_byte_transduce</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcharacter_005fcode-513"><code>avm_character_code</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcharacter_005frepresentation-511"><code>avm_character_representation</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fclearjmp-694"><code>avm_clearjmp</code></a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fcomparison-479"><code>avm_comparison</code></a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fconcatenation-430"><code>avm_concatenation</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fcopied-403"><code>avm_copied</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fapply-503"><code>avm_count_apply</code></a>: <a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fbranches-492"><code>avm_count_branches</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fchrcodes-527"><code>avm_count_chrcodes</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fcmdline-592"><code>avm_count_cmdline</code></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fcompare-478"><code>avm_count_compare</code></a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fdecons-487"><code>avm_count_decons</code></a>: <a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">Deconstruction Functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fexmodes-601"><code>avm_count_exmodes</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fcount_005ffnames-546"><code>avm_count_fnames</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fformin-561"><code>avm_count_formin</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fformout-583"><code>avm_count_formout</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fcount_005finstruct-652"><code>avm_count_instruct</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flibfuns-658"><code>avm_count_libfuns</code></a>: <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flistfuns-427"><code>avm_count_listfuns</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fcount_005flists-402"><code>avm_count_lists</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fmatcon-475"><code>avm_count_matcon</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fmwrap-688"><code>avm_count_mwrap</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fportals-634"><code>avm_count_portals</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fports-641"><code>avm_count_ports</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005fcount_005fprofile-627"><code>avm_count_profile</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005fcount_005frawio-554"><code>avm_count_rawio</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fdate_005frepresentation-535"><code>avm_date_representation</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdebug_005fmemory-685"><code>avm_debug_memory</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005fdeconstruction-488"><code>avm_deconstruction</code></a>: <a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">Deconstruction Functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fdefault_005fcommand_005fline-585"><code>avm_default_command_line</code></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fdisable_005finteraction-596"><code>avm_disable_interaction</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fdispose-401"><code>avm_dispose</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch-500"><code>avm_dispose_branch</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch_005fqueue-499"><code>avm_dispose_branch_queue</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005fdispose_005frows-472"><code>avm_dispose_rows</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fdistribution-429"><code>avm_distribution</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdont_005fdebug_005fmemory-686"><code>avm_dont_debug_memory</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fdont_005fmanage_005fmemory-684"><code>avm_dont_manage_memory</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fenqueue-407"><code>avm_enqueue</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005fenqueue_005fbranch-495"><code>avm_enqueue_branch</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005fentries-619"><code>avm_entries</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005fenvironment-588"><code>avm_environment</code></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005ferror-610"><code>avm_error</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror-611"><code>avm_fatal_io_error</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005ffree_005fmanaged_005fmemory-690"><code>avm_free_managed_memory</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005fhave_005flibrary_005fcall-656"><code>avm_have_library_call</code></a>: <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fapply-502"><code>avm_initialize_apply</code></a>: <a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fbranches-491"><code>avm_initialize_branches</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fchrcodes-526"><code>avm_initialize_chrcodes</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fcmdline-591"><code>avm_initialize_cmdline</code></a>: <a href="Command-Line-Parsing.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Comparison.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fcompare-476"><code>avm_initialize_compare</code></a>: <a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fdecons-486"><code>avm_initialize_decons</code></a>: <a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">Deconstruction Functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fexmodes-600"><code>avm_initialize_exmodes</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005ffnames-545"><code>avm_initialize_fnames</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fformin-560"><code>avm_initialize_formin</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fformout-582"><code>avm_initialize_formout</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005finstruct-651"><code>avm_initialize_instruct</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flibfuns-657"><code>avm_initialize_libfuns</code></a>: <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flistfuns-426"><code>avm_initialize_listfuns</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005flists-400"><code>avm_initialize_lists</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Related-utility-functions.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fmatcon-474"><code>avm_initialize_matcon</code></a>: <a href="Related-utility-functions.html#Related-utility-functions">Related utility functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fmwrap-687"><code>avm_initialize_mwrap</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fportals-633"><code>avm_initialize_portals</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fports-640"><code>avm_initialize_ports</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005fprofile-626"><code>avm_initialize_profile</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005finitialize_005frawio-553"><code>avm_initialize_rawio</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005finteract-593"><code>avm_interact</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005finternal_005ferror-614"><code>avm_internal_error</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fjoin-406"><code>avm_join</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005flength-410"><code>avm_length</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#index-avm_005flibrary_005fcall-654"><code>avm_library_call</code></a>: <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005fline_005fmap-599"><code>avm_line_map</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fmatrix-456"><code>avm_list_of_matrix</code></a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fpacked_005fmatrix-463"><code>avm_list_of_packed_matrix</code></a>: <a href="Two-dimensional-arrays.html#Two-dimensional-arrays">Two dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Primitive-types.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fvalue-443"><code>avm_list_of_value</code></a>: <a href="Primitive-types.html#Primitive-types">Primitive types</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#index-avm_005flist_005fof_005fvector-448"><code>avm_list_of_vector</code></a>: <a href="One-dimensional-arrays.html#One-dimensional-arrays">One dimensional arrays</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fload-558"><code>avm_load</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Memory-leaks.html#index-avm_005fmanage_005fmemory-683"><code>avm_manage_memory</code></a>: <a href="Memory-leaks.html#Memory-leaks">Memory leaks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fmeasurement-437"><code>avm_measurement</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005fmembership-434"><code>avm_membership</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fmultiscanned-522"><code>avm_multiscanned</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fnatural-413"><code>avm_natural</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fnew_005fportal-631"><code>avm_new_portal</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fnewport-638"><code>avm_newport</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fnon_005ffatal_005fio_005ferror-613"><code>avm_non_fatal_io_error</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005foutput-563"><code>avm_output</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005foutput_005fas_005fdirected-570"><code>avm_output_as_directed</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005fname-537"><code>avm_path_name</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="File-Names.html#index-avm_005fpath_005frepresentation-529"><code>avm_path_representation</code></a>: <a href="File-Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fposition-417"><code>avm_position</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#index-avm_005fpreamble_005fand_005fcontents-555"><code>avm_preamble_and_contents</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Simple-Operations.html#index-avm_005fprint_005flist-415"><code>avm_print_list</code></a>: <a href="Simple-Operations.html#Simple-Operations">Simple Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fprior_005fto_005fversion-604"><code>avm_prior_to_version</code></a>: <a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">Version Management</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fprogram_005fname-608"><code>avm_program_name</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fprompt-523"><code>avm_prompt</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#index-avm_005fput_005fbytes-579"><code>avm_put_bytes</code></a>: <a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005freceived_005flist-547"><code>avm_received_list</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005freclamation_005ffailure-615"><code>avm_reclamation_failure</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fanticipate-494"><code>avm_recoverable_anticipate</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="The-Universal-Function.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fapply-505"><code>avm_recoverable_apply</code></a>: <a href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005farea-421"><code>avm_recoverable_area</code></a>: <a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">Recoverable Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue-419"><code>avm_recoverable_enqueue</code></a>: <a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">Recoverable Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Indirection.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue_005fbranch-498"><code>avm_recoverable_enqueue_branch</code></a>: <a href="Indirection.html#Indirection">Indirection</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005finteract-597"><code>avm_recoverable_interact</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fjoin-418"><code>avm_recoverable_join</code></a>: <a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">Recoverable Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005flength-420"><code>avm_recoverable_length</code></a>: <a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">Recoverable Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fnatural-422"><code>avm_recoverable_natural</code></a>: <a href="Recoverable-Operations.html#Recoverable-Operations">Recoverable Operations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fprompt-525"><code>avm_recoverable_prompt</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstandard_005fstrung-518"><code>avm_recoverable_standard_strung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005frecoverable_005fstrung-517"><code>avm_recoverable_strung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005freschedule-650"><code>avm_reschedule</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fretire-649"><code>avm_retire</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005freversal-428"><code>avm_reversal</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fscanned_005flist-521"><code>avm_scanned_list</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#index-avm_005fscheduled-648"><code>avm_scheduled</code></a>: <a href="Instruction-Stacks.html#Instruction-Stacks">Instruction Stacks</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#index-avm_005fseal-632"><code>avm_seal</code></a>: <a href="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports.html#Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports">Lists of Pairs of Ports</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Raw-Files.html#index-avm_005fsend_005flist-549"><code>avm_send_list</code></a>: <a href="Raw-Files.html#Raw-Files">Raw Files</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fset_005fprogram_005fname-607"><code>avm_set_program_name</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fset_005fversion-603"><code>avm_set_version</code></a>: <a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">Version Management</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fsetjmp-693"><code>avm_setjmp</code></a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#index-avm_005fsetnonjump-695"><code>avm_setnonjump</code></a>: <a href="Suicidal-exception-handling.html#Suicidal-exception-handling">Suicidal exception handling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#index-avm_005fsever-639"><code>avm_sever</code></a>: <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005fcode-514"><code>avm_standard_character_code</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fcharacter_005frepresentation-512"><code>avm_standard_character_representation</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstandard_005fstrung-516"><code>avm_standard_strung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#index-avm_005fstrung-515"><code>avm_strung</code></a>: <a href="Characters-and-Strings.html#Characters-and-Strings">Characters and Strings</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Profiling.html#index-avm_005ftally-620"><code>avm_tally</code></a>: <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Execution-Modes.html#index-avm_005ftrace_005finteraction-595"><code>avm_trace_interaction</code></a>: <a href="Execution-Modes.html#Execution-Modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="List-Transformations.html#index-avm_005ftransposition-432"><code>avm_transposition</code></a>: <a href="List-Transformations.html#List-Transformations">List Transformations</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstderr-680"><code>avm_turn_off_stderr</code></a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstdout-678"><code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code></a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstderr-681"><code>avm_turn_on_stderr</code></a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstdout-679"><code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code></a>: <a href="Inept-excess-verbiage.html#Inept-excess-verbiage">Inept excess verbiage</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Version-Management.html#index-avm_005fversion-605"><code>avm_version</code></a>: <a href="Version-Management.html#Version-Management">Version Management</a></li>
			
 
				-<li><a href="Error-Reporting.html#index-avm_005fwarning-609"><code>avm_warning</code></a>: <a href="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">1.1 General Options</h3>
			
 
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				+<h2 class="section">1.1 General Options</h2>
			
 
				 <p>Regardless of whatever other command line parameters are given,
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> accepts the following parameters:
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-help-9"></a><a name="index-emulation-10"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bhelp_007d-command-line-option-11"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bemulation_007d-command-line-option-12"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><code>-h, --help</code><dd>Show a summary of options and exit. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-V,-v, --version</code><dd>Show the version of program and a short copyleft message and exit. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>--emulation=</code><var>version</var><dd>Be backward compatible with an older version of <code>avram</code>.  This
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-h, --help</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Show a summary of options and exit.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-V,-v, --version</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Show the version of program and a short copyleft message and exit.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>--emulation=<var>version</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Be backward compatible with an older version of <code>avram</code>.  This
			
 
				 option should include a valid version number, for example
			
 
				 <kbd>0.13.0</kbd>, which is the version of <code>avram</code> to be
			
 
				 emulated. It can make virtual code applications future proof, assuming
			
 
				 that future versions of <code>avram</code> correctly support backward
			
 
				 compatibility. It may be used in conjunction with any other option in
			
 
				-any mode of operation. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-web-page-13"></a><a name="index-home-page-14"></a><a name="index-url-15"></a>This copy of the user manual has not been updated since version 0.13.0 of
			
 
				+any mode of operation.
			
 
				+<a name="index-web-page"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-home-page"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-url"></a>
			
 
				+This copy of the user manual has not been updated since version 0.13.0 of
			
 
				 <code>avram</code>, so it is unable to document incompatibilities with later
			
 
				 versions. The latest version of the manual may be found at
			
 
				-<a href="http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram">http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram</a>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-e, --external-libraries</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bexternal_002dlibraries_007d-16"></a>Show a list of libraries with which <code>avram</code> has been linked and
			
 
				+<a href="http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram">http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/~fureyd/avram</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-e, --external-libraries</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-external_002dlibraries"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Show a list of libraries with which <code>avram</code> has been linked and
			
 
				 whose functions therefore could be called from virtual machine
			
 
				 programs. This growing list currently includes selected functions from
			
 
				 <code>fftw</code>, <code>glpk</code>, <code>gsl</code>, <code>kinsol</code>, <code>lapack</code>,
			
 
				 <code>minpack</code>, <code>mpfr</code>, <code>lpsolve</code>, <code>Rmath</code> and <code>ufsparse</code>
			
 
				-(see <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a>) which are documented further in <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-j, --jail</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bjail_007d-17"></a>This option disables execution of shell commands by virtual code
			
 
				+(see <a href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a>) which are documented further in <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a>.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-j, --jail</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-jail"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This option disables execution of shell commands by virtual code
			
 
				 applications, which is normally possible by default even for nominally
			
 
				 non-interactive applications (see <a href="Parameter-Mode-Options.html#Parameter-Mode-Options">Parameter Mode Options</a>). A
			
 
				 virtual code application attempting to spawn a shell (using the
			
@@ -66,8 +110,11 @@ virtual code application attempting to spawn a shell (using the
 
				 encounter an exception rather than successful completion of the
			
 
				 operation. This option is provided as a security feature for running
			
 
				 untrusted code (see <a href="Security.html#Security">Security</a>), and is incompatible with
			
 
				-<samp><span class="option">-i</span></samp>, <samp><span class="option">-t</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="option">-s</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><code>-f, --force-text-input</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bforce_002dtext_002dinput_007d-command-line-option-18"></a>Normally <code>avram</code> will try to guess by looking at a file whether it
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>-i</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-t</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>-s</samp>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code>-f, --force-text-input</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-force_002dtext_002dinput-command-line-option"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Normally <code>avram</code> will try to guess by looking at a file whether it
			
 
				 is an ordinary text file or one that has been written in the virtual
			
 
				 code file format, and choose a different internal representation
			
 
				 accordingly. An application may require one representation or the
			
@@ -75,8 +122,33 @@ other. This option tells <code>avram</code> to treat all input files other
 
				 than the virtual code file (named in the first command line parameter)
			
 
				 as text files regardless of whether or not it would be possible to
			
 
				 interpret them otherwise. This option may be used in combination with
			
 
				-any other option. 
			
 
				+any other option.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.2 Have combinator</h5>
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.2 Have combinator</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>As virtual machine interfaces to external libraries accumulate faster
			
 
				 than they can be documented and may vary from one installation to
			
@@ -40,77 +68,97 @@ another, it is helpful to have a way of interrogating the virtual
 
				 machine for an up to date list of the installed libraries and
			
 
				 functions. A combinator called <code>have</code> can be used to test for the
			
 
				 availability of a library function. It takes the form
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T34</em><dd>[[<code>have</code>]] (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>) = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,</code><var>x</var><code>),(nil,</code><var>y</var><code>)))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T34</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>have</code>]] (<code><var>x</var></code>,<code><var>y</var></code>) = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,<var>x</var>),(nil,<var>y</var>)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">where <var>x</var> is the name of a library and <var>y</var> is the name of a
			
 
				+<p>where <var>x</var> is the name of a library and <var>y</var> is the name of a
			
 
				 function within the library encoded as character strings. For example,
			
 
				 if <var>x</var> is <code>'mtwist'</code> and <var>y</var> is <code>'u_disc'</code> (for the
			
 
				 natural random number generator function in the Mersenne twistor
			
 
				-library) then <code>have(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> is a function that returns
			
 
				+library) then <code>have(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> is a function that returns
			
 
				 a non-empty value if an only if that library is installed and that
			
 
				 function is available within it. The actual argument to the function
			
 
				 is ignored as the result depends only on the installed virtual machine
			
 
				 configuration. In this sense, it acts like a <code>constant</code> combinator.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>One way for this combinator to be used is in code of the form
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">   portable_rng =
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>One way for this combinator to be used is in code of the form
			
 
				+   conditional(
			
 
				+      have('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				+      library('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				+      some_replacement_function)
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">        portable_rng =
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-        conditional(
			
 
				-           have('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				-           library('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				-           some_replacement_function)
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">which will use the library function if available but otherwise use a
			
 
				+<p>which will use the library function if available but otherwise use a
			
 
				 replacement function. Code in this form makes the decision at run
			
 
				 time, but it is also possible to express the function such that the
			
 
				 check for library presence is made at compile time, as the following
			
 
				 example shows, which will imply a slight improvement in performance.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">   non_portable_rng =
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">        non_portable_rng =
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-        apply(
			
 
				-           conditional(
			
 
				-              have('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				-              constant library('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				-              constant some_replacement_function),
			
 
				-           0)
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">This program would be non-portable in the sense that it would need to
			
 
				+   apply(
			
 
				+      conditional(
			
 
				+         have('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				+         constant library('mtwist','u_disc'),
			
 
				+         constant some_replacement_function),
			
 
				+      0)
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>This program would be non-portable in the sense that it would need to
			
 
				 be recompiled for each installation if there were a chance that some
			
 
				 of them might have the <code>mtwist</code> library and some might not,
			
 
				 whereas the previous example would be binary compatible across all of
			
 
				-them. <a rel="footnote" href="#fn-1" name="fnd-1"><sup>1</sup></a>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The actual value returned by a function <code>have(foo,bar)</code> is the
			
 
				+them. <a name="DOCF2" href="avram_fot.html#FOOT2">(2)</a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The actual value returned by a function <code>have(foo,bar)</code> is the
			
 
				 list of pairs of strings <code>&lt;(foo,bar)&gt;</code> if the function is
			
 
				 available, or the empty list otherwise. A non-empty list is
			
 
				 represented as a pair <code>(head,tail)</code>, and an empty list as
			
 
				 <code>nil</code>. The angle bracket notation <code>&lt;a,b,c...&gt;</code> used here is
			
 
				 an abbreviation for <code>(a,(b,(c...nil)))</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Either or both arguments to the <code>have</code> combinator can be a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Either or both arguments to the <code>have</code> combinator can be a
			
 
				 wildcard, which is the string containing a single asterisk,
			
 
				-<a name="index-wild-cards-379"></a><code>'*'</code>. In that case, the list of all available matching library
			
 
				+<a name="index-wild-cards"></a>
			
 
				+<code>'*'</code>. In that case, the list of all available matching library
			
 
				 names and function names will be returned. This feature can be used to
			
 
				 find out what library functions are available without already knowing
			
 
				 their names.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>If a library had a function named <code>'*'</code>, which clashes with
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If a library had a function named <code>'*'</code>, which clashes with
			
 
				 the wild card string, the interpretation as a wild card would take
			
 
				 precedence.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-   <div class="footnote">
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-<h4>Footnotes</h4><p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-1" href="#fnd-1">1</a>]</small> In practice both examples are equally portable because
			
 
				-the <code>mtwist</code> source is distributed with <code>avram</code> so all
			
 
				-installations will have it. Most libraries are distributed
			
 
				-separately.</p>
			
 
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				-<a name="How-_003ccode_003eavram_003c_002fcode_003e-Thinks"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Variable-Freedom.html#Variable-Freedom">Variable Freedom</a>,
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language.html#A-Simple-Lisp-Like-Language">A Simple Lisp Like Language</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Virtual-Code-Semantics.html#Virtual-Code-Semantics">Virtual Code Semantics</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.5 How <code>avram</code> Thinks</h4>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p>The definitions in the standard <code>silly</code> library pertaining to the
			
 
				-basic properties of the operator can provide a good intuitive
			
 
				-illustration of how computations are performed by <code>avram</code>.  This
			
 
				-task is approached in the guise of a few trivial correctness proofs
			
 
				-about them. Conveniently, as an infeasibly small language, <code>silly</code>
			
 
				-is an ideal candidate for analysis by formal methods.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Technically the semantic function [[<small class="dots">...</small>]] has not been defined on
			
 
				-identifiers, but we can easily extend it to them by stipulating that the
			
 
				-meaning of an identifier <var>x</var> is the meaning of the program
			
 
				-<a name="index-identifiers-271"></a><var>main</var><code> = </code><var>x</var> when linked with a library containing the
			
 
				-declaration of <var>x</var>, where <var>main</var> is an identifier
			
 
				-not appearing elsewhere in the library.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>With this idea in mind, the following &ldquo;theorems&rdquo; can be stated,
			
 
				-all of which have a similar proof. The variables <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>
			
 
				-stand for any tree, and the variable <var>f</var> stands for any tree other
			
 
				-than <code>nil</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T0</em><dd>[[<code>identity</code>]] <var>x</var> = <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T1</em><dd>[[<code>left</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T2</em><dd>[[<code>right</code>]] <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <var>y</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T4</em><dd>[[<code>meta</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>x</var><code>)</code> = <var>f</var><code> (</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T5</em><dd>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]] <var>x</var> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-</dl>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">Replacing each identifier with its defining expression directly
			
 
				-demonstrates a logical equivalence between the relevant theorem and one
			
 
				-of the basic operator properties postulated in <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>For more of a challenge, it is possible to prove the next theorem.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T6</em><dd>For non-<code>nil</code> <var>f</var> and <var>g</var>,
			
 
				-([[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> =
			
 
				-<code>(</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>,</code><var>g</var> <var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-</dl>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The proof is a routine calculation. Beware of the distinction between
			
 
				-the mathematical <code>nil</code> and the <code>silly</code> identifier <code>nil</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<pre class="format">
			
 
				-   ([[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> =  ([[<code>((((left,nil),constant_nil),nil),right)</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by substitution of <code>couple</code> with its definition in the standard library
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>nil</code>]])<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by definition of the semantic function [[<small class="dots">...</small>]] regarding pairs
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>()</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>()</code>]])<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by substitution of <code>nil</code> from its definition in the standard library
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code><code>nil</code><code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code><code>nil</code>)<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by definition of the semantic function in the case of [[<code>()</code>]]
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = (<code>(</code>[[<code>left</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)),</code>[[<code>right</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by property <em>P6</em> (twice)
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = <code>((</code><var>f</var><code>,nil),</code><var>g</var><code>) </code><var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by theorems <em>T1</em>, <em>T2</em>, and <em>T5</em>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = <code>(</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>,</code><var>g</var> <var>x</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by property <em>P6</em> again.
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>Something to observe about this proof is that it might just as well have
			
 
				-been done automatically. Every step is either the substitution of an
			
 
				-identifier or a pattern match against existing theorems and properties
			
 
				-of the operator. Another thing to note is that the use of identifiers
			
 
				-and previously established theorems helps to make the proof human
			
 
				-readable, but is not a logical necessity. An equivalent proof could have
			
 
				-been expressed entirely in terms of the properties of the operator. If
			
 
				-one envisions a proof like this being performed blindly and
			
 
				-mechanically, without the running commentary or other amenities, that
			
 
				-would not be a bad way of thinking about what takes place when
			
 
				-<code>avram</code> executes virtual code.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Three more theorems have similar proofs. For non-<code>nil</code>
			
 
				-trees <var>p</var>, <var>f</var> and <var>g</var>, and any trees
			
 
				-<var>x</var> and <var>k</var>:
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bcompose_007d-272"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bconstant_007d-273"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bconditional_007d-274"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T7</em><dd>([[<code>compose</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> = <var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T8</em><dd>([[<code>constant</code>]] <var>k</var>) <var>x</var> = <var>k</var>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>T9</em><dd>([[<code>conditional</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> =
			
 
				-<var>f</var> <var>x</var> if
			
 
				-<var>p</var> <var>x</var>  is non-<code>nil</code>,
			
 
				-but <var>g</var> <var>x</var> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-</dl>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">The proofs of these theorems are routine calculations analogous to the
			
 
				-proof of <em>T6</em>. Here is a proof of theorem <em>T7</em> for good
			
 
				-measure.
			
 
				-<pre class="format">
			
 
				-   ([[<code>compose</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> = ([[<code>couple(identity,constant_nil)</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>by substitution of <code>compose</code> with its definition in the standard library
			
 
				-<pre class="format">
			
 
				-   = (<code>(</code>[[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(</code>[[<code>identity</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>))(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by definition of the semantic function
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = <code>(</code>[[<code>identity</code>]] <code>(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code> (</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>)) </code><var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by theorem <em>T6</em>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = <code>((</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>),nil) </code><var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by theorems <em>T0</em> and <em>T5</em>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   = <var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-by property <em>P5</em> of the operator.
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="How-avram-Thinks-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.5 How <code>avram</code> Thinks</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The definitions in the standard <code>silly</code> library pertaining to the
			
 
				+basic properties of the operator can provide a good intuitive
			
 
				+illustration of how computations are performed by <code>avram</code>.  This
			
 
				+task is approached in the guise of a few trivial correctness proofs
			
 
				+about them. Conveniently, as an infeasibly small language, <code>silly</code>
			
 
				+is an ideal candidate for analysis by formal methods.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Technically the semantic function [[&hellip;]] has not been defined on
			
 
				+identifiers, but we can easily extend it to them by stipulating that the
			
 
				+meaning of an identifier <code><var>x</var></code> is the meaning of the program
			
 
				+<a name="index-identifiers"></a>
			
 
				+<code><var>main</var> = <var>x</var></code> when linked with a library containing the
			
 
				+declaration of <code><var>x</var></code>, where <code><var>main</var></code> is an identifier
			
 
				+not appearing elsewhere in the library.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>With this idea in mind, the following &ldquo;theorems&rdquo; can be stated,
			
 
				+all of which have a similar proof. The variables <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>
			
 
				+stand for any tree, and the variable <var>f</var> stands for any tree other
			
 
				+than <code>nil</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T0</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>identity</code>]] <code><var>x</var></code> = <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T1</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>left</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T2</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>right</code>]] <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code><var>y</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T4</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>meta</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>x</var>)</code> = <code><var>f</var> (<var>f</var>,<var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T5</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]] <code><var>x</var></code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Replacing each identifier with its defining expression directly
			
 
				+demonstrates a logical equivalence between the relevant theorem and one
			
 
				+of the basic operator properties postulated in <a href="A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties.html#A-Minimal-Set-of-Properties">A Minimal Set of Properties</a>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>For more of a challenge, it is possible to prove the next theorem.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T6</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>For non-<code>nil</code> <code><var>f</var></code> and <code><var>g</var></code>,
			
 
				+([[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> =
			
 
				+<code>(<var>f</var> <var>x</var>,<var>g</var> <var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The proof is a routine calculation. Beware of the distinction between
			
 
				+the mathematical <code>nil</code> and the <code>silly</code> identifier <code>nil</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="format">
			
 
				+   ([[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> =  ([[<code>((((left,nil),constant_nil),nil),right)</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by substitution of <code>couple</code> with its definition in the standard library
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>nil</code>]])<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by definition of the semantic function [[&hellip;]] regarding pairs
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>()</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code>[[<code>()</code>]])<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by substitution of <code>nil</code> from its definition in the standard library
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = (<code>((((</code>[[<code>left</code>]]<code>,</code><code>nil</code><code>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>),</code><code>nil</code>)<code>,</code>[[<code>right</code>]]<code>)</code> <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by definition of the semantic function in the case of [[<code>()</code>]]
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = (<code>(</code>[[<code>left</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)),</code>[[<code>right</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by property <em>P6</em> (twice)
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = <code>((<var>f</var>,nil),<var>g</var>) <var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by theorems <em>T1</em>, <em>T2</em>, and <em>T5</em>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = <code>(<var>f</var> <var>x</var>,<var>g</var> <var>x</var>)</code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by property <em>P6</em> again.
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Something to observe about this proof is that it might just as well have
			
 
				+been done automatically. Every step is either the substitution of an
			
 
				+identifier or a pattern match against existing theorems and properties
			
 
				+of the operator. Another thing to note is that the use of identifiers
			
 
				+and previously established theorems helps to make the proof human
			
 
				+readable, but is not a logical necessity. An equivalent proof could have
			
 
				+been expressed entirely in terms of the properties of the operator. If
			
 
				+one envisions a proof like this being performed blindly and
			
 
				+mechanically, without the running commentary or other amenities, that
			
 
				+would not be a bad way of thinking about what takes place when
			
 
				+<code>avram</code> executes virtual code.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Three more theorems have similar proofs. For non-<code>nil</code>
			
 
				+trees <code><var>p</var></code>, <code><var>f</var></code> and <code><var>g</var></code>, and any trees
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var></code> and <code><var>k</var></code>:
			
 
				+<a name="index-compose-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-constant-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-conditional-1"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T7</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>compose</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <var>x</var> = <var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T8</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>constant</code>]] <code><var>k</var></code>) <var>x</var> = <var>k</var>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T9</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>conditional</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <var>x</var> =
			
 
				+<code><var>f</var> <var>x</var></code> if
			
 
				+<code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code>  is non-<code>nil</code>,
			
 
				+but <code><var>g</var> <var>x</var></code> if <code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The proofs of these theorems are routine calculations analogous to the
			
 
				+proof of <em>T6</em>. Here is a proof of theorem <em>T7</em> for good
			
 
				+measure.
			
 
				+</p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="format">
			
 
				+   ([[<code>compose</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> = ([[<code>couple(identity,constant_nil)</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+<p>by substitution of <code>compose</code> with its definition in the standard library
			
 
				+</p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="format">
			
 
				+   = (<code>(</code>[[<code>couple</code>]] <code>(</code>[[<code>identity</code>]]<code>,</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code>))(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by definition of the semantic function
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = <code>(</code>[[<code>identity</code>]] <code>(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>),</code>[[<code>constant_nil</code>]]<code> (<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>)) <var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by theorem <em>T6</em>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = <code>((<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>),nil) <var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by theorems <em>T0</em> and <em>T5</em>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+   = <code><var>f</var> <var>g</var> <var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+by property <em>P5</em> of the operator.
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
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				+<a name="How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Programs"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="unnumberedsec">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</h2>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
			
 
				+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
			
 
				+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
			
 
				+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
			
 
				+convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
			
 
				+the &ldquo;copyright&rdquo; line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample"><var>one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.</var>
			
 
				+Copyright (C) 19<var>yy</var>  <var>name of author</var>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
			
 
				+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
			
 
				+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
			
 
				+of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
			
 
				+
			
 
				+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
			
 
				+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
			
 
				+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
			
 
				+GNU General Public License for more details.
			
 
				+
			
 
				+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
			
 
				+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
			
 
				+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
			
 
				+when it starts in an interactive mode:
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample">Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19<var>yy</var> <var>name of author</var>
			
 
				+Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
			
 
				+type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
			
 
				+to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 
			
 
				+for details.
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The hypothetical commands &lsquo;<samp>show w</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>show c</samp>&rsquo; should show
			
 
				+the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
			
 
				+commands you use may be called something other than &lsquo;<samp>show w</samp>&rsquo; and
			
 
				+&lsquo;<samp>show c</samp>&rsquo;; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items&mdash;whatever
			
 
				+suits your program.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
			
 
				+school, if any, to sign a &ldquo;copyright disclaimer&rdquo; for the program, if
			
 
				+necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample">Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
			
 
				+interest in the program `Gnomovision'
			
 
				+(which makes passes at compilers) written 
			
 
				+by James Hacker.
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<var>signature of Ty Coon</var>, 1 April 1989
			
 
				+Ty Coon, President of Vice
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
			
 
				+proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
			
 
				+consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
			
 
				+library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
			
 
				+Public License instead of this License.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">3.9.2 Implementing new library functions</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Adding more external libraries to <code>avram</code> is currently a manual
			
 
				-procedure requiring the attention of a developer conversant with C. 
			
 
				+procedure requiring the attention of a developer conversant with C.
			
 
				 To support a new library called <code>foobar</code>,
			
 
				 these steps need to be followed at a minimum.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>Create a new file called <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp> under the <samp><span class="file">avm/</span></samp>
			
 
				-directory in the main source tree whose name doesn't clash with any
			
 
				-<a name="index-header-file-659"></a><a name="index-library-interface-header-file-660"></a>existing file names and preferably doesn't induce any proper prefixes
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+Create a new file called &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo; under the &lsquo;<tt>avm/</tt>&rsquo;
			
 
				+directory in the main source tree whose name doesn&rsquo;t clash with any
			
 
				+<a name="index-header-file"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-library-interface-header-file"></a>
			
 
				+existing file names and preferably doesn&rsquo;t induce any proper prefixes
			
 
				 among them. This file should contain at least these function
			
 
				 declarations.
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          
			
 
				-          extern list avm_foobar_call (list function_name,list argument,
			
 
				-                                       int *fault);
			
 
				-          
			
 
				-          extern list avm_have_foobar_call (list function_name,int *fault);
			
 
				-          
			
 
				-          extern void avm_initialize_foobar ();
			
 
				-          
			
 
				-          extern void avm_count_foobar ();
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-     <p>There should also be the usual preprocessor directives for
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">include</span></samp> files. The naming convention shown should be followed in
			
 
				-anticipation of automated support for these operations in the future. 
			
 
				-<li>Add <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp> to the list of other header files in
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">avm/Makefile.am</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<li>Create a new file called <samp><span class="file">foobar.c</span></samp> under the <samp><span class="file">src/</span></samp>
			
 
				-directory whose name doesn't clash with any existing file names to
			
 
				-<a name="index-library-interfac-source-file-661"></a>store most of the library interface code. It can start out with
			
 
				-stubs for the functions declared in <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<li>Add <samp><span class="file">foobar.c</span></samp> to the list of other source files in
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">src/Makefile.am</span></samp>
			
 
				-<li>Execute the following command in the main <samp><span class="file">avram-x.x.x</span></samp>
			
 
				-source directory where the file <samp><span class="file">configure.in</span></samp> is found.
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          
			
 
				-          aclocal \
			
 
				-          &amp;&amp; automake --gnu --add-missing \
			
 
				-          &amp;&amp; autoconf
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-     <p>This command requires having <code>automake</code> and
			
 
				-<a name="index-automake-662"></a><a name="index-autoconf-663"></a><code>autoconf</code> installed on your system. 
			
 
				-<li>Make the following changes to <samp><span class="file">libfuns.c</span></samp>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li>Add the line <code>#include&lt;avm/foobar.h&gt;</code> after the
			
 
				-<a name="index-include-directives-664"></a>other <code>include</code> directives. 
			
 
				-<li>Add the string <code>"foobar"</code> to the end of the array of
			
 
				-<code>libnames</code> in <code>avm_initialize_libfuns</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>Add a call to <code>avm_initialize_foobar</code> to the body. 
			
 
				-<li>Add a call to <code>avm_count_foobar</code> to the body of
			
 
				-<code>avm_count_libfuns</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>Add a case of the form
			
 
				-          <pre class="example">               case nn:
			
 
				-                 return avm_foobar_call(function_name,argument,fault);
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-          <p>after the last case in <code>avm_library_call</code>, being
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+extern list avm_foobar_call (list function_name,list argument,
			
 
				+                             int *fault);
			
 
				+
			
 
				+extern list avm_have_foobar_call (list function_name,int *fault);
			
 
				+
			
 
				+extern void avm_initialize_foobar ();
			
 
				+
			
 
				+extern void avm_count_foobar ();
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>There should also be the usual preprocessor directives for
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>include</tt>&rsquo; files. The naming convention shown should be followed in
			
 
				+anticipation of automated support for these operations in the future.
			
 
				+</p></li><li>
			
 
				+Add &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo; to the list of other header files in
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>avm/Makefile.am</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Create a new file called &lsquo;<tt>foobar.c</tt>&rsquo; under the &lsquo;<tt>src/</tt>&rsquo;
			
 
				+directory whose name doesn&rsquo;t clash with any existing file names to
			
 
				+<a name="index-library-interfac-source-file"></a>
			
 
				+store most of the library interface code. It can start out with
			
 
				+stubs for the functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Add &lsquo;<tt>foobar.c</tt>&rsquo; to the list of other source files in
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>src/Makefile.am</tt>&rsquo;
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Execute the following command in the main &lsquo;<tt>avram-x.x.x</tt>&rsquo;
			
 
				+source directory where the file &lsquo;<tt>configure.in</tt>&rsquo; is found.
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+aclocal \
			
 
				+&amp;&amp; automake --gnu --add-missing \
			
 
				+&amp;&amp; autoconf
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>This command requires having <code>automake</code> and
			
 
				+<a name="index-automake"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-autoconf"></a>
			
 
				+<code>autoconf</code> installed on your system.
			
 
				+</p></li><li>
			
 
				+Make the following changes to &lsquo;<tt>libfuns.c</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+Add the line <code>#include&lt;avm/foobar.h&gt;</code> after the
			
 
				+<a name="index-include-directives"></a>
			
 
				+other <code>include</code> directives.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Add the string <code>&quot;foobar&quot;</code> to the end of the array of
			
 
				+<code>libnames</code> in <code>avm_initialize_libfuns</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li> 
			
 
				+Add a call to <code>avm_initialize_foobar</code> to the body.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Add a call to <code>avm_count_foobar</code> to the body of
			
 
				+<code>avm_count_libfuns</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Add a case of the form
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">case nn:
			
 
				+  return avm_foobar_call(function_name,argument,fault);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>after the last case in <code>avm_library_call</code>, being
			
 
				 careful not to change the order, and using the same
			
 
				-name as above in the file <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-<li>Add a case of the form
			
 
				-          <pre class="example">               case nn:
			
 
				-                 looked_up = avm_have_foobar_call(function_name,fault);
			
 
				-                 break;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-          <p>after the last case in <code>avm_have_library_call</code>, being
			
 
				+name as above in the file &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></li><li>
			
 
				+Add a case of the form
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">case nn:
			
 
				+  looked_up = avm_have_foobar_call(function_name,fault);
			
 
				+  break;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>after the last case in <code>avm_have_library_call</code>, being
			
 
				 careful not to change the order, and using the same name
			
 
				-as above in the file <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-     <li>Edit <samp><span class="file">foobar.c</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">foobar.h</span></samp> to suit,
			
 
				-periodically compiling and testing by executing <code>make</code>. 
			
 
				-<li>Package and install at will. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The functions shown above have the obvious interpretations, namely
			
 
				+as above in the file &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p></li></ul>
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Edit &lsquo;<tt>foobar.c</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>foobar.h</tt>&rsquo; to suit,
			
 
				+periodically compiling and testing by executing <code>make</code>.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Package and install at will.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The functions shown above have the obvious interpretations, namely
			
 
				 that <code>avm_foobar_call</code> evaluates a library function from the
			
 
				 <code>foobar</code> library, and <code>avm_have_foobar_call</code> tests for a
			
 
				-function's availability. The latter should interpret wild cards as
			
 
				+function&rsquo;s availability. The latter should interpret wild cards as
			
 
				 explained in <a href="Calling-existing-library-functions.html#Calling-existing-library-functions">Calling existing library functions</a>, but should
			
 
				 return only a list of strings for the matching function names rather
			
 
				-than a list of pairs of strings, as the library name is redundant. 
			
 
				+than a list of pairs of strings, as the library name is redundant.
			
 
				 The remaining functions are for static initialization and reclamation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>These functions should consist mainly of boilerplate code similar to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>These functions should consist mainly of boilerplate code similar to
			
 
				 the corresponding functions in any of the other library source files,
			
 
				 which should be consulted as examples. The real work would be done by
			
 
				 other functions called by them. These should be statically declared
			
 
				-within the <samp><span class="file">.c</span></samp> source file and normally not listed in the
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">.h</span></samp> header file unless there is some reason to think they may be
			
 
				+within the &lsquo;<tt>.c</tt>&rsquo; source file and normally not listed in the
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>.h</tt>&rsquo; header file unless there is some reason to think they may be
			
 
				 of more general use. Any externally visible functions should have
			
 
				 names beginning with <code>avm_</code> to avoid name clashes.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Some helpful hints are reported below for what they may be worth.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The reason for doing this is to leverage off other people's
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some helpful hints are reported below for what they may be worth.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+The reason for doing this is to leverage off other people&rsquo;s
			
 
				 intelligence, so generally <code>foobar.c</code> should contain only glue
			
 
				 code for library routines developed elsewhere with great skill rather
			
 
				-than reinventing them in some home grown way. 
			
 
				-<li>The best numerical software is often written by Fortran
			
 
				-<a name="index-Fortran-665"></a>programmers. Linking to a Fortran library is no problem on GNU systems
			
 
				+than reinventing them in some home grown way.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+The best numerical software is often written by Fortran
			
 
				+<a name="index-Fortran-2"></a>
			
 
				+programmers. Linking to a Fortran library is no problem on GNU systems
			
 
				 provided that all variables are passed by reference and all arrays are
			
 
				-converted to column order (<a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>). 
			
 
				-<li>Most C++ programmers have yet to reach a comparable standard, but C++
			
 
				-<a name="index-C_002b_002b-666"></a>libraries can also be linked by running <code>nm</code> on the static
			
 
				-<a name="index-nm-utility-667"></a>library file to find out the real names of the functions and
			
 
				-<a name="index-c_002b_002bfilt-utility-668"></a><code>c++filt</code> to find out which is which. However, there
			
 
				+converted to column order (<a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a>).
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Most C++ programmers have yet to reach a comparable standard, but C++
			
 
				+<a name="index-C_002b_002b-1"></a>
			
 
				+libraries can also be linked by running <code>nm</code> on the static
			
 
				+<a name="index-nm-utility"></a>
			
 
				+library file to find out the real names of the functions and
			
 
				+<a name="index-c_002b_002bfilt-utility"></a>
			
 
				+<code>c++filt</code> to find out which is which. However, there
			
 
				 is no obvious workaround for the use of so called derived classes
			
 
				-by C++ programmers to simulate passing functions as parameters. 
			
 
				-<li>Anything worth using can probably be found in the Debian
			
 
				-<a name="index-Debian-669"></a>archive. 
			
 
				-<li>Not all libraries are sensible candidates for interfaces to
			
 
				+by C++ programmers to simulate passing functions as parameters.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Anything worth using can probably be found in the Debian
			
 
				+<a name="index-Debian"></a>
			
 
				+archive.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Not all libraries are sensible candidates for interfaces to
			
 
				 <code>avram</code>. Typical design flaws are
			
 
				 
			
 
				-          <ul>
			
 
				-<li>irrepressible debugging messages written to <code>stderr</code> or
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+irrepressible debugging messages written to <code>stderr</code> or
			
 
				 <code>stdout</code> that are unfit for end user consumption
			
 
				-<li>deliberately crashing the application if <code>malloc</code> fails
			
 
				-<li>opaque data types with undocumented storage requirements
			
 
				-<li>opaque data types that would be useful to store persistently
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+deliberately crashing the application if <code>malloc</code> fails
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+opaque data types with undocumented storage requirements
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+opaque data types that would be useful to store persistently
			
 
				 but have platform specific binary representations
			
 
				-<li>heavily state dependent
			
 
				-<a name="index-state-dependence-670"></a>semantics
			
 
				-<li>identifiers with clashing names
			
 
				-<li>restrictive
			
 
				-<a name="index-licensing-restrictions-671"></a>licenses
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <p>Some of these misfeatures have workarounds as explained next in
			
 
				-<a href="Working-around-library-misfeatures.html#Working-around-library-misfeatures">Working around library misfeatures</a>, at least if there's
			
 
				-nothing else wrong with the library. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Those who support <code>avram</code> are always prepared to assist in the
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+heavily state dependent
			
 
				+<a name="index-state-dependence"></a>
			
 
				+semantics
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+identifiers with clashing names
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+restrictive
			
 
				+<a name="index-licensing-restrictions"></a>
			
 
				+licenses
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Some of these misfeatures have workarounds as explained next in
			
 
				+<a href="Working-around-library-misfeatures.html#Working-around-library-misfeatures">Working around library misfeatures</a>, at least if there&rsquo;s
			
 
				+nothing else wrong with the library.
			
 
				+</p></li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Those who support <code>avram</code> are always prepared to assist in the
			
 
				 dissemination of worthwhile contributed library modules under terms
			
 
				-compatible with <a href="Copying.html#Copying">Copying</a>, and under separate copyrights if
			
 
				-<a name="index-copyright-672"></a>preferred.  Contributed modules can be integrated into the official
			
 
				+compatible with <a href="Copying.html#Copying">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE</a>, and under separate copyrights if
			
 
				+<a name="index-copyright"></a>
			
 
				+preferred.  Contributed modules can be integrated into the official
			
 
				 source tree provided that they meet the following additional
			
 
				-<a name="index-coding-standards-673"></a>guidelines to those above.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>source code documentation and indentation according to GNU coding
			
 
				+<a name="index-coding-standards"></a>
			
 
				+guidelines to those above.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+source code documentation and indentation according to GNU coding
			
 
				 standards (<a href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards">http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards</a>)
			
 
				-<li>sufficient stability for a semi-annual release cycle
			
 
				-<li>no run-time or compile-time dependence on any non-free software,
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+sufficient stability for a semi-annual release cycle
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+no run-time or compile-time dependence on any non-free software,
			
 
				 although dynamic loading and client/server interaction are acceptable
			
 
				-<li>portable or at least unbreakable configuration by appropriate use of
			
 
				-<a name="index-autoconf-674"></a><code>autoconf</code> macros and conditional defines
			
 
				-<li>little or no state dependence at the level of the virtual code
			
 
				-<a name="index-state-dependence-675"></a>interface (i.e., pure functions or something like them, except for
			
 
				-<a name="index-random-number-generators-676"></a>random number generators and related applications)
			
 
				-<li>adequate documentation for a section in <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a>
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+portable or at least unbreakable configuration by appropriate use of
			
 
				+<a name="index-autoconf-1"></a>
			
 
				+<code>autoconf</code> macros and conditional defines
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+little or no state dependence at the level of the virtual code
			
 
				+<a name="index-state-dependence-1"></a>
			
 
				+interface (i.e., pure functions or something like them, except for
			
 
				+<a name="index-random-number-generators"></a>
			
 
				+random number generators and related applications)
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+adequate documentation for a section in <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a>
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				-Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="The-Universal-Function.html#The-Universal-Function">The Universal Function</a>,
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions">Deconstruction Functions</a>,
			
 
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				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">3.1.7 Indirection</h4>
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Deconstruction-Functions.html#Deconstruction-Functions" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<a name="Indirection-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.1.7 Indirection</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>In some cases it is necessary to build a tree from the top down rather
			
 
				-<a name="index-pointers-489"></a>than from the bottom up, when it is not known in advance what's on the
			
 
				+<a name="index-pointers-4"></a>
			
 
				+than from the bottom up, when it is not known in advance what&rsquo;s on the
			
 
				 bottom. Although the <code>list</code> type is a pointer itself, these
			
 
				 situations call for a type of pointers to lists, which are declared as
			
 
				-the <code>branch</code> type in <samp><span class="file">branches.h</span></samp>. For example, if <code>b</code> is
			
 
				+the <code>branch</code> type in &lsquo;<tt>branches.h</tt>&rsquo;. For example, if <code>b</code> is
			
 
				 declared as a <code>branch</code> and <code>l</code> is declared as a <code>list</code>,
			
 
				 it would be possible to write <code>b = &amp;l</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Facilities are also provided for maintaining queues of branches, which
			
 
				-<a name="index-queues-490"></a>are declared as the <code>branch_queue</code> type. This type is a pointer to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Facilities are also provided for maintaining queues of branches, which
			
 
				+<a name="index-queues-2"></a>
			
 
				+are declared as the <code>branch_queue</code> type. This type is a pointer to
			
 
				 a structure with two fields, <code>above</code> and <code>following</code>, where
			
 
				 <code>above</code> is a <code>branch</code> and <code>following</code> is a
			
 
				 <code>branch_queue</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>These functions are used internally elsewhere in the library and might
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>These functions are used internally elsewhere in the library and might
			
 
				 not be necessary for most client programs to use directly.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_branches</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fbranches-491"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This must be done once before any of the other branch related functions is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fbranches"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_branches</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This must be done once before any of the other branch related functions is
			
 
				 used, and creates some internal data structures. Results of the other
			
 
				-functions are undefined if this one isn't called first. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_branches</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fbranches-492"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function can be used at the end of a run to detect unreclaimed
			
 
				+functions are undefined if this one isn&rsquo;t called first.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fbranches"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_branches</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function can be used at the end of a run to detect unreclaimed
			
 
				 storage used for branches or branch queues. If any storage remains
			
 
				 unreclaimed, a message about unreclaimed branches is written to standard
			
 
				-error. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_anticipate</b> (<var>branch_queue *front, branch_queue *back, branch operand</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fanticipate-493"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function provides a simple queueing facility for
			
 
				+error.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fanticipate"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_anticipate</b><i> (branch_queue *<var>front</var>, branch_queue *<var>back</var>, branch <var>operand</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function provides a simple queueing facility for
			
 
				 branches. Similarly to the case with <code>avm_enqueue</code>, <code>front</code>
			
 
				 and <code>back</code> should be initialized to <code>NULL</code> before the first
			
 
				 call. Each call to this function will enqueue one item to the back,
			
 
				 assuming enough memory is available, as the following example shows.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          front = NULL;
			
 
				-          back = NULL;
			
 
				-          l = avm_join(NULL,NULL);
			
 
				-          anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;(l-&gt;head));
			
 
				-          anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;(l-&gt;tail));
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>After the above code is executed, these postconditions will hold.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          front-&gt;above == &amp;(l-&gt;head)
			
 
				-          front-&gt;following-&gt;above == &amp;(l-&gt;tail)
			
 
				-          front-&gt;following == back
			
 
				-          back-&gt;following == NULL
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>The name &ldquo;anticipate&rdquo; is used because ordinarily the queue contains
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">front = NULL;
			
 
				+back = NULL;
			
 
				+l = avm_join(NULL,NULL);
			
 
				+anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;(l-&gt;head));
			
 
				+anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;(l-&gt;tail));
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>After the above code is executed, these postconditions will hold.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">front-&gt;above == &amp;(l-&gt;head)
			
 
				+front-&gt;following-&gt;above == &amp;(l-&gt;tail)
			
 
				+front-&gt;following == back
			
 
				+back-&gt;following == NULL
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>The name &ldquo;anticipate&rdquo; is used because ordinarily the queue contains
			
 
				 positions in a tree to be filled in later. As usual, only unshared trees should be
			
 
				-modified in place. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_recoverable_anticipate</b> (<var>branch_queue *front, branch_queue *back, branch operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fanticipate-494"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is similar to <code>avm_anticipate</code>, except that it will
			
 
				+modified in place.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fanticipate"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_recoverable_anticipate</b><i> (branch_queue *<var>front</var>, branch_queue *<var>back</var>, branch <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is similar to <code>avm_anticipate</code>, except that it will
			
 
				 not exit with an error message in the event of an overflow error, but
			
 
				-will simply set <code>*</code><var>fault</var> to a non-zero value and return to the
			
 
				-caller. If an overflow occurs, nothing about the queue is changed. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+will simply set <code>*<var>fault</var></code> to a non-zero value and return to the
			
 
				+caller. If an overflow occurs, nothing about the queue is changed.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_enqueue_branch</b> (<var>branch_queue *front, branch_queue *back, int received_bit</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fenqueue_005fbranch-495"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>A slightly higher level interface to the <code>avm_anticipate</code> function
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fenqueue_005fbranch"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_enqueue_branch</b><i> (branch_queue *<var>front</var>, branch_queue *<var>back</var>, int <var>received_bit</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>A slightly higher level interface to the <code>avm_anticipate</code> function
			
 
				 is provided by this function, which is useful for building a tree from
			
 
				-<a name="index-trees-496"></a>a string of input bits in a format similar to the one described in
			
 
				+<a name="index-trees-5"></a>
			
 
				+a string of input bits in a format similar to the one described in
			
 
				 <a href="Concrete-Syntax.html#Concrete-Syntax">Concrete Syntax</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function should be called the first time with <code>front</code> and
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function should be called the first time with <code>front</code> and
			
 
				 <code>back</code> having been initialized to represent a queue containing a
			
 
				-<a name="index-queues-497"></a>single branch pointing to a list known to the caller. The list itself
			
 
				+<a name="index-queues-3"></a>
			
 
				+single branch pointing to a list known to the caller. The list itself
			
 
				 need not be allocated or initialized. An easy way of doing so would be
			
 
				 the following.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">front = NULL;
			
 
				+back = NULL;
			
 
				+avm_anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;my_list);
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <pre class="example">          front = NULL;
			
 
				-          back = NULL;
			
 
				-          avm_anticipate(&amp;front,&amp;back,&amp;my_list);
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-        <p>On each call to <code>avm_enqueue_branch</code>, the <var>received_bit</var>
			
 
				+<p>On each call to <code>avm_enqueue_branch</code>, the <code><var>received_bit</var></code>
			
 
				 parameter is examined. If it is zero, nothing will be added to the
			
 
				 queue, the list referenced by the front branch will be assigned
			
 
				 <code>NULL</code>, and the front branch will be removed from the queue. If
			
 
				-<var>received_bit</var> is a non-zero value, the list referenced by
			
 
				+<code><var>received_bit</var></code> is a non-zero value, the list referenced by
			
 
				 the front branch will be assigned to point to a newly created unshared
			
 
				 list node, and two more branches will be appended to the queue. The
			
 
				 first branch to be appended will point to the head of the newly created
			
 
				 list node, and the second branch to be appended will point to the tail.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>If the sequence of bits conforms to the required concrete syntax, this
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>If the sequence of bits conforms to the required concrete syntax, this
			
 
				 function can be called for each of them in turn, and at the end of the
			
 
				 sequence, the queue will be empty and the list referenced by the initial
			
 
				 branch (i.e., <code>my_list</code>) will be the one specified by the bit
			
 
				 string. If the sequence of bits does not conform to the required
			
 
				 concrete syntax, the error can be detected insofar as the emptying of
			
 
				 the queue will not coincide exactly with the last bit.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The caller should check for the queue becoming prematurely empty due to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The caller should check for the queue becoming prematurely empty due to
			
 
				 syntax errors, because no message is reported by
			
 
				 <code>avm_enqueue_branch</code> in that event, and subsequent attempts to
			
 
				-enqueue anything are ignored. However, in the event of a memory overflow,
			
 
				-an error message is reported and the process is terminated. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_recoverable_enqueue_branch</b> (<var>branch_queue *front, branch_queue *back, int received_bit, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue_005fbranch-498"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is similar to <code>avm_enqueue_branch</code> but will leave
			
 
				+enqueue anything are ignored. However, in the event of a memory overflow, 
			
 
				+an error message is reported and the process is terminated.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005frecoverable_005fenqueue_005fbranch"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_recoverable_enqueue_branch</b><i> (branch_queue *<var>front</var>, branch_queue *<var>back</var>, int <var>received_bit</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is similar to <code>avm_enqueue_branch</code> but will leave
			
 
				 error handling to the caller in the event of insufficient memory to
			
 
				 enqueue another branch. Instead of printing an error message and
			
 
				-exiting, it will dispose of the queue, set the <var>fault</var> flag
			
 
				+exiting, it will dispose of the queue, set the <code><var>fault</var></code> flag
			
 
				 to a non-zero value, and return. Although the queue will be reclaimed,
			
 
				 the lists referenced by the branches in it will persist. The list nodes
			
 
				 themselves can be reclaimed by disposing of the list whose address was
			
 
				-stored originally in the front branch. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_dispose_branch_queue</b> (<var>branch_queue front</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch_005fqueue-499"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function deallocates a branch queue by chasing the <code>following</code>
			
 
				+stored originally in the front branch.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch_005fqueue"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_dispose_branch_queue</b><i> (branch_queue <var>front</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function deallocates a branch queue by chasing the <code>following</code>
			
 
				 fields in each one. It does nothing to the lists referenced by the
			
 
				 branches in the queue.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Rather than using <code>free</code> directly, client programs should use this
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Rather than using <code>free</code> directly, client programs should use this
			
 
				 function for deallocating branch queues, because it allows better
			
 
				 performance by interacting with a local internal cache of free memory,
			
 
				 and because it performs necessary bookkeeping for
			
 
				-<code>avm_count_branches</code>. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_dispose_branch</b> (<var>branch_queue old</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch-500"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This disposes of a single branch queue node rather than a whole queue. 
			
 
				-Otherwise, the same comments as those above apply. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				-
			
 
				+<code>avm_count_branches</code>.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdispose_005fbranch"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_dispose_branch</b><i> (branch_queue <var>old</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This disposes of a single branch queue node rather than a whole queue.
			
 
				+Otherwise, the same comments as those above apply.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.9.3.1 Inept excess verbiage</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Although the author of a library function may take pride in putting
			
 
				 its activities on display, it should be assumed that virtual code
			
 
				 applications running on <code>avram</code> have other agendas for the
			
 
				 console, so the library interface module should prevent direct output
			
 
				 from the external library.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>More thoughtful API's may have a verbosity setting, which should be
			
 
				-<a name="index-verbosity-setting-677"></a>used in preference to this workaround, but failing that, it is easy to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>More thoughtful API&rsquo;s may have a verbosity setting, which should be
			
 
				+<a name="index-verbosity-setting"></a>
			
 
				+used in preference to this workaround, but failing that, it is easy to
			
 
				 dispense with console output generated by calls to external library
			
 
				 functions by using some combination of the following functions.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_turn_off_stdout</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstdout-678"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Calling this function will suppress all output to the standard output
			
 
				-stream until the next time <code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code> is called. 
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstdout"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_turn_off_stdout</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Calling this function will suppress all output to the standard output
			
 
				+stream until the next time <code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code> is called.
			
 
				 Additional calls to this function without intervening calls to
			
 
				 <code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code> may be made safely with no effect.  The
			
 
				 standard output stream is flushed as a side effect of calling this
			
 
				-function. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+function.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_turn_on_stdout</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstdout-679"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Calling this function will allow output to the standard output
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstdout"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_turn_on_stdout</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Calling this function will allow output to the standard output
			
 
				 stream to resume if it has been suppressed previously by a call to
			
 
				 <code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code>. If <code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code> has not been
			
 
				 previously called, this function has no effect. Any output that would
			
 
				 have been sent to <code>stdout</code> during the time it was turned off will
			
 
				-be lost. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+be lost.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_turn_off_stderr</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstderr-680"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs a similar service to that of
			
 
				-<code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code> but pertains to the standard error stream. 
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005foff_005fstderr"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_turn_off_stderr</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs a similar service to that of
			
 
				+<code>avm_turn_off_stdout</code> but pertains to the standard error stream.
			
 
				 The standard error and the standard output streams are controlled
			
 
				-independently even if both of them are piped to the same console. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+independently even if both of them are piped to the same console.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_turn_on_stderr</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstderr-681"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs a similar service to that of
			
 
				-<code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code> but pertains to the standard error stream. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fturn_005fon_005fstderr"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_turn_on_stderr</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs a similar service to that of
			
 
				+<code>avm_turn_on_stdout</code> but pertains to the standard error stream.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>As an example, the following code fragment will prevent any output to
			
 
				+<p>As an example, the following code fragment will prevent any output to
			
 
				 standard output taking place as a side effect of <code>blather</code>, but
			
 
				 will allow error messages to standard error. Note that ouput should
			
 
				 not be left permanently turned off.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">...
			
 
				+#include &lt;avm/mwrap.h&gt;
			
 
				+...
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     ...
			
 
				-     #include &lt;avm/mwrap.h&gt;
			
 
				-     ...
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     x = y + z;
			
 
				-     avm_turn_off_stdout ();
			
 
				-     w = blather (foo, bar, baz);
			
 
				-     avm_turn_on_stdout ();
			
 
				-     return w;
			
 
				-     ...
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>One possible issue with these functions is that they rely on a
			
 
				-feature of the GNU C library that might not be portable to non-GNU
			
 
				-<a name="index-portability-682"></a>systems and has not been widely tested on other platforms.
			
 
				+x = y + z;
			
 
				+avm_turn_off_stdout ();
			
 
				+w = blather (foo, bar, baz);
			
 
				+avm_turn_on_stdout ();
			
 
				+return w;
			
 
				+...
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Another issue is that a library function could be both careless enough
			
 
				+<p>One possible issue with these functions is that they rely on a
			
 
				+feature of the GNU C library that might not be portable to non-GNU
			
 
				+<a name="index-portability"></a>
			
 
				+systems and has not been widely tested on other platforms.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Another issue is that a library function could be both careless enough
			
 
				 to clutter the console unconditionally and meticulous enough to check
			
 
				 for I/O errors after each attempted write. Writing while the output
			
 
				 stream is disabled will return an I/O error to the caller (i.e., to
			
 
				 the verbose library function) for appropriate action, which could
			
 
				 include terminating the process.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Input-Data-Structure-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.6.1 Input Data Structure</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The data structure that is used as the argument to the parameter mode
			
 
				 application incorporates all the information about the command line and
			
 
				-<a name="index-environment-202"></a><a name="index-command-line-203"></a>the environment variables. It is in the form of a triple
			
 
				-<code>((</code><var>files</var><code>,</code><var>options</var><code>),</code><var>environs</var><code>)</code>. The fields have
			
 
				+<a name="index-environment-4"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-1"></a>
			
 
				+the environment variables. It is in the form of a triple
			
 
				+<code>((<var>files</var>,<var>options</var>),<var>environs</var>)</code>. The fields have
			
 
				 these interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>files</var><dd>is a list of quadruples
			
 
				-<code>((</code><var>date</var><code>,</code><var>path</var><code>),(</code><var>preamble</var><code>,</code><var>contents</var><code>))</code>, with
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <var>files</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list of quadruples
			
 
				+<code>((<var>date</var>,<var>path</var>),(<var>preamble</var>,<var>contents</var>))</code>, with
			
 
				 one quadruple for each input file named on the command line (but not the
			
 
				 virtual code file or the <code>avram</code> executable).  The list will be in
			
 
				 the same order as the filenames on the command line, and is not affected
			
 
				 by options interspersed with them. The fields in each item have the
			
 
				 following interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>date</var><dd>is the time stamp of the file in as a character string in the usual
			
 
				-<a name="index-time-stamp-204"></a><a name="index-date-205"></a><a name="index-system-time-206"></a><a name="index-current-time-207"></a><a name="index-Unix-208"></a>Unix format, for example, <code>Fri Jan 19 14:34:44 GMT 2001</code>. If the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <var>date</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the time stamp of the file in as a character string in the usual
			
 
				+<a name="index-time-stamp"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-date"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-system-time"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-current-time"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-Unix-5"></a>
			
 
				+Unix format, for example, <code>Fri Jan 19 14:34:44 GMT 2001</code>. If the
			
 
				 file corresponds to standard input, the current system time and date are
			
 
				-used. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>path</var><dd>is the full path of the file, expressed as a list of strings. If the
			
 
				-<a name="index-file-names-209"></a><a name="index-paths-210"></a><a name="index-absolute-path-211"></a><a name="index-relative-path-212"></a>file corresponds to standard input, the list is empty. Otherwise, the
			
 
				+used.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>path</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the full path of the file, expressed as a list of strings. If the
			
 
				+<a name="index-file-names-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-paths-3"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-absolute-path"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-relative-path"></a>
			
 
				+file corresponds to standard input, the list is empty. Otherwise, the
			
 
				 first string in the list is the file name. The next is the name of the
			
 
				-file's parent directory, if any. The next is the parent of the parent,
			
 
				+file&rsquo;s parent directory, if any. The next is the parent of the parent,
			
 
				 and so on. The root directory is indicated by the empty string, so that
			
 
				 any path ending with the empty string is an absolute path, while any path
			
 
				 ending with a non-empty string is relative to the current working
			
 
				-directory.  Path separators (i.e., slashes) are omitted. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>preamble</var><dd>In the case of a text file, or any file not conforming to the format in
			
 
				-<a name="index-preamble-213"></a><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, this field is <code>nil</code>. Otherwise, this field contains
			
 
				+directory.  Path separators (i.e., slashes) are omitted.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>preamble</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>In the case of a text file, or any file not conforming to the format in
			
 
				+<a name="index-preamble-3"></a>
			
 
				+<a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>, this field is <code>nil</code>. Otherwise, this field contains
			
 
				 the preamble of the file expressed as a list of strings, or contains
			
 
				 just the empty string if the file has no preamble. Any leading hashes in
			
 
				-the preamble of the file are stripped. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>contents</var><dd>In the case of a text file (as indicated by the <var>preamble</var> field), this
			
 
				-<a name="index-text-files-214"></a>field will contain a list of character strings, with each line of the file
			
 
				+the preamble of the file are stripped.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>contents</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>In the case of a text file (as indicated by the <var>preamble</var> field), this
			
 
				+<a name="index-text-files-2"></a>
			
 
				+field will contain a list of character strings, with each line of the file
			
 
				 contained in a character string. Otherwise, it can contain data in any
			
 
				 format, which are obtained by converting the data section of the file
			
 
				-to a tree. 
			
 
				+to a tree.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				-     <br><dt><var>options</var><dd>is a list of quadruples of the form
			
 
				-<code>((</code><var>position</var><code>,</code><var>longform</var><code>),(</code><var>keyword</var><code>,</code><var>params</var><code>))</code>
			
 
				+</dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>options</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list of quadruples of the form
			
 
				+<code>((<var>position</var>,<var>longform</var>),(<var>keyword</var>,<var>params</var>))</code>
			
 
				 with one quadruple for each option appearing on the command line after
			
 
				 the name of the virtual code file.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-          <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>position</var><dd>is a natural number indicating the position of the option on the command
			
 
				-<a name="index-naturals-215"></a><a name="index-command-line-216"></a>line. The position numbers of all the options will form an ascending
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <var>position</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a natural number indicating the position of the option on the command
			
 
				+<a name="index-naturals-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-2"></a>
			
 
				+line. The position numbers of all the options will form an ascending
			
 
				 sequence, but not necessarily consecutive nor starting with zero.  The
			
 
				 missing numbers in the sequence will correspond to the positions of the
			
 
				 file names on the command line, allowing their positions to be inferred by
			
 
				-applications for which the position matters. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>longform</var><dd>is a boolean value which is true if the option starts with two or more
			
 
				-<a name="index-booleans-217"></a>dashes but false otherwise. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>keyword</var><dd>is the key word of the option expressed as a character string. For example
			
 
				+applications for which the position matters.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>longform</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a boolean value which is true if the option starts with two or more
			
 
				+<a name="index-booleans-1"></a>
			
 
				+dashes but false otherwise.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>keyword</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is the key word of the option expressed as a character string. For example
			
 
				 in the case of a command line option <kbd>--foo=bar,baz</kbd>, the keyword is
			
 
				-<code>foo</code>. Leading dashes are stripped. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>params</var><dd>is a list of character strings identifying the parameters for the
			
 
				+<code>foo</code>. Leading dashes are stripped.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>params</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list of character strings identifying the parameters for the
			
 
				 command line option in question. In the case of an option of the form
			
 
				 <kbd>--foo=bar,baz</kbd>, the first character string in the list will be
			
 
				 <code>bar</code> and the next will be <code>baz</code>. The same applies if the
			
 
				 option is written <kbd>--foo bar,baz</kbd> or <kbd>--foo =bar,baz</kbd>. If there
			
 
				-are no parameters associated with the option, the list is empty. 
			
 
				+are no parameters associated with the option, the list is empty.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				-     <br><dt><var>environs</var><dd>is a list of pairs of character strings, with one pair in the list for
			
 
				-<a name="index-environment-218"></a>each environment variable. The identifier is the left string in the
			
 
				+</dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>environs</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list of pairs of character strings, with one pair in the list for
			
 
				+<a name="index-environment-5"></a>
			
 
				+each environment variable. The identifier is the left string in the
			
 
				 pair, and the value is the right.  For example, if the environment
			
 
				 contains the definition <code>OSTYPE=linux-gnu</code>, there will be a pair in
			
 
				 the list whose left side is the string <code>OSTYPE</code> and whose
			
 
				-right side is the string <code>linux-gnu</code>. 
			
 
				+right side is the string <code>linux-gnu</code>.
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.6.2 Input for Mapped Applications</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Input-for-Mapped-Applications-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.6.2 Input for Mapped Applications</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>Applications invoked using the <samp><span class="option">--map-to-each-file</span></samp> option
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmap_002dto_002deach_002dfile_007d-command-line-option-219"></a>benefit from a slightly different interface than the one described
			
 
				+<p>Applications invoked using the &lsquo;<samp>--map-to-each-file</samp>&rsquo; option
			
 
				+<a name="index-map_002dto_002deach_002dfile-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+benefit from a slightly different interface than the one described
			
 
				 above. As the purpose of this option is to save memory by loading only
			
 
				 one file at a time, the application does not have access to all input
			
 
				 files named on the command line simultaneously within the same data
			
@@ -45,27 +74,29 @@ a list containing exactly one item for an input file. If <kbd>-</kbd>
 
				 is used as a command line parameter, indicating standard input, then
			
 
				 <var>files</var> will have another item pertaining to standard
			
 
				 input. In no event will it have other than one or two items.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The mapped application is expected to work by being applied individually
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The mapped application is expected to work by being applied individually
			
 
				 to each of any number of separately constructed data structures, doing
			
 
				 the same in each case as it would if that case were the only one. To make
			
 
				 that possible, copies of the environment variables, the contents of standard
			
 
				 input, and the list of application specific options are contained in the
			
 
				-data structure used for every invocation.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-command-line-220"></a>The position numbers in the options are adjusted for each invocation to
			
 
				-reflect the position of the particular input file associated with it. 
			
 
				+data structure used for every invocation. 
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-3"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The position numbers in the options are adjusted for each invocation to
			
 
				+reflect the position of the particular input file associated with it.
			
 
				 For example, in the following command
			
 
				-<pre class="display">     <kbd>avram --map-to-each-file mapster.avm fa.txt --data fb.dat --code fc.o</kbd>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">the function in the virtual code file <samp><span class="file">mapster.avm</span></samp> would be
			
 
				+</p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display"><kbd>avram --map-to-each-file mapster.avm fa.txt --data fb.dat --code fc.o</kbd>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+<p>the function in the virtual code file &lsquo;<tt>mapster.avm</tt>&rsquo; would be
			
 
				 applied to each of three data structures, corresponding to the commands
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display"><kbd>avram mapster.avm fa.txt --data --code</kbd>
			
 
				+<kbd>avram mapster.avm --data fb.dat --code</kbd>
			
 
				+<kbd>avram mapster.avm --data --code fc.o</kbd>
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="display">     <kbd>avram mapster.avm fa.txt --data --code</kbd>
			
 
				-     <kbd>avram mapster.avm --data fb.dat --code</kbd>
			
 
				-     <kbd>avram mapster.avm --data --code fc.o</kbd>
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">If the relative positions of the options and filenames were important to
			
 
				+<p>If the relative positions of the options and filenames were important to
			
 
				 the application, they could be reliably inferred from the position
			
 
				 numbers. In the first case, they would be 1 and 2, implying that the
			
 
				 file is in position 0. In the second case they would be 0 and 2,
			
@@ -73,33 +104,57 @@ implying that the file is in position 1, and in the third case they
 
				 would be 0 and 1, implying that the file is in position 2. (Of course,
			
 
				 nothing compels an application to concern itself with the positions of
			
 
				 its parameters, and the alternative might be preferable.)
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>For the most part, any application that can operate on one file at a
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>For the most part, any application that can operate on one file at a
			
 
				 time without needing information from any others can be executed more
			
 
				-economically with the <samp><span class="option">--map-to-each-file</span></samp> option and few if any
			
 
				+economically with the &lsquo;<samp>--map-to-each-file</samp>&rsquo; option and few if any
			
 
				 changes to the code. The effect will normally be analogous to the above
			
 
				 example, subject to a few possible differences.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>If an application is supposed to do something by default when
			
 
				-there are no file parameters or only standard input, it won't work as a
			
 
				-mapped application, because if there are no file parameters it won't be
			
 
				-executed at all. 
			
 
				-<li>If a mapped application causes any output files to be generated, they
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> If an application is supposed to do something by default when
			
 
				+there are no file parameters or only standard input, it won&rsquo;t work as a
			
 
				+mapped application, because if there are no file parameters it won&rsquo;t be
			
 
				+executed at all.
			
 
				+</li><li> If a mapped application causes any output files to be generated, they
			
 
				 may be written before other input files are read, possibly causing the
			
 
				 input files to be overwritten if they have the same names, and causing
			
 
				 subsequent invocations to use the overwritten versions. This behavior
			
 
				 differs from that of loading all input files at the outset, which
			
 
				 ensures the application seeing all of the original versions. The latter may be
			
 
				 more convenient for maintaining a group of files in some sort of
			
 
				-consistent state. 
			
 
				-<li>If an application causes standard output to be written along with
			
 
				+consistent state.
			
 
				+</li><li> If an application causes standard output to be written along with
			
 
				 output files, normally standard output is written last as a security
			
 
				-measure against malicious code altering the <samp><span class="option">--ask-to-overwrite</span></samp>
			
 
				+measure against malicious code altering the &lsquo;<samp>--ask-to-overwrite</samp>&rsquo;
			
 
				 prompts by subtly clobbering the console. In a mapped application,
			
 
				-standard output isn't always last because there may be more invocations
			
 
				-to come. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+standard output isn&rsquo;t always last because there may be more invocations
			
 
				+to come.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Insert-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">B.2 Insert</h2>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-insert-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This function is mentioned in <a href="Sort.html#Sort">Sort</a>, on sorting. It takes the
			
 
				 virtual code for a partial order relational operator and returns the
			
 
				 code for a function of two arguments. The left argument is a list item
			
 
				 and the right argument is a list of items of the same type, which is
			
@@ -42,37 +71,47 @@ already sorted with respect to the relational operator given as the
 
				 argument to <code>insert</code>. The result of the function returned by
			
 
				 <code>insert</code> is a list similar to its right argument but with the left
			
 
				 argument inserted in the proper position to maintain the order.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>This code makes use of the <code>self</code>, <code>argument</code>, <code>head</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This code makes use of the <code>self</code>, <code>argument</code>, <code>head</code>
			
 
				 and <code>tail</code> declarations associated with <code>pairwise</code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+insert =
			
 
				+
			
 
				+bu(compose,refer) (hired conditional)(
			
 
				+   constant compose(right,argument),
			
 
				+   couple(
			
 
				+      (hired conditional)(
			
 
				+         (hired compose)(
			
 
				+            identity,
			
 
				+            constant compose(
			
 
				+               couple(left,compose(head,right)),
			
 
				+               argument)),
			
 
				+         constant (
			
 
				+            argument,
			
 
				+            couple(
			
 
				+               compose(head,compose(right,argument)),
			
 
				+               (hired meta)(
			
 
				+                  self,
			
 
				+                  couple(
			
 
				+                     compose(left,argument),
			
 
				+                     compose(tail,compose(right,argument))))))),
			
 
				+      constant argument))
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     
			
 
				-     insert =
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     bu(compose,refer) (hired conditional)(
			
 
				-        constant compose(right,argument),
			
 
				-        couple(
			
 
				-           (hired conditional)(
			
 
				-              (hired compose)(
			
 
				-                 identity,
			
 
				-                 constant compose(
			
 
				-                    couple(left,compose(head,right)),
			
 
				-                    argument)),
			
 
				-              constant (
			
 
				-                 argument,
			
 
				-                 couple(
			
 
				-                    compose(head,compose(right,argument)),
			
 
				-                    (hired meta)(
			
 
				-                       self,
			
 
				-                       couple(
			
 
				-                          compose(left,argument),
			
 
				-                          compose(tail,compose(right,argument))))))),
			
 
				-           constant argument))
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>As with the other higher order functions in this appendix, the only
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>As with the other higher order functions in this appendix, the only
			
 
				 feasible ways to verify it would be either by formal proof or by some
			
 
				 form of symbolic interpretation.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<a name="Instruction-Stacks"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Emulation-Primitives.html#Emulation-Primitives">Emulation Primitives</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>A header file named <samp><span class="file">instruct.h</span></samp> declares a number of memory
			
 
				+<a name="Instruction-Stacks"></a>
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="External-Library-Maintenance.html#External-Library-Maintenance" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Library-Reference.html#Library-Reference" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Emulation-Primitives.html#Emulation-Primitives" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Function-Index.html#Function-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
			
 
				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Instruction-Stacks-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.8.3 Instruction Stacks</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>A header file named &lsquo;<tt>instruct.h</tt>&rsquo; declares a number of memory
			
 
				 management and stack operations on a data structure of the following
			
 
				-form. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007binstruction_005fnode_007d-645"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     struct instruction_node
			
 
				-     {
			
 
				-       port client;
			
 
				-       score sheet;
			
 
				-       struct avm_packet actor;
			
 
				-       struct avm_packet datum;
			
 
				-       instruction dependents;
			
 
				-     };
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>In this structure, an <code>instruction</code> is a pointer to an
			
 
				+form.
			
 
				+<a name="index-instruction_005fnode"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">struct instruction_node
			
 
				+{
			
 
				+  port client;
			
 
				+  score sheet;
			
 
				+  struct avm_packet actor;
			
 
				+  struct avm_packet datum;
			
 
				+  instruction dependents;
			
 
				+};
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>In this structure, an <code>instruction</code> is a pointer to an
			
 
				 <code>instruction_node</code>, a <code>score</code> is a pointer to a profile
			
 
				 database entry as discussed in <a href="Profiling.html#Profiling">Profiling</a>, and the <code>port</code> and
			
 
				 <code>avm_packet</code> types are as described in <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>This data structure is appropriate for a simple virtual machine code
			
 
				-<a name="index-concurrency-646"></a>evaluation strategy involving no concurrency. The strategy to evaluate an
			
 
				-expression <var>f</var> <var>x</var> would be based on a stack of these
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This data structure is appropriate for a simple virtual machine code
			
 
				+<a name="index-concurrency"></a>
			
 
				+evaluation strategy involving no concurrency. The strategy to evaluate an
			
 
				+expression <code><var>f</var> <var>x</var></code> would be based on a stack of these
			
 
				 nodes threaded through the <code>dependents</code> field, and would proceed
			
 
				 something like this.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ol type=1 start=1>
			
 
				-<li>The stack is initialized to contain a single node having
			
 
				-<var>f</var> in its <code>actor.contents</code> field, and <var>x</var> in
			
 
				-its <code>datum.contents</code> field. 
			
 
				-<li>The <code>client</code> in this node would refer to a static packet to whose
			
 
				-<code>contents</code> field the final result will be delivered. 
			
 
				-<li>The evaluator examines the <code>actor.contents</code> field on the top of the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ol>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+The stack is initialized to contain a single node having
			
 
				+<code><var>f</var></code> in its <code>actor.contents</code> field, and <code><var>x</var></code> in
			
 
				+its <code>datum.contents</code> field.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+The <code>client</code> in this node would refer to a static packet to whose
			
 
				+<code>contents</code> field the final result will be delivered.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+The evaluator examines the <code>actor.contents</code> field on the top of the
			
 
				 stack, detects by its form the operation it represents, and decides
			
 
				 whether it corresponds to one that can be evaluated immediately by way
			
 
				 of a canned function available in the library. List reversal,
			
 
				-transposition, and comparison would be examples of such operations. 
			
 
				-<li>If the operation can be performed in this way, the result is computed
			
 
				-and assigned to the destination indicated by the <code>client</code> field. 
			
 
				-<li>If the operation is not easy enough to perform immediately but is of a
			
 
				+transposition, and comparison would be examples of such operations.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+If the operation can be performed in this way, the result is computed
			
 
				+and assigned to the destination indicated by the <code>client</code> field.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+If the operation is not easy enough to perform immediately but is of a
			
 
				 form recognizable as a combination of simpler operations, it is
			
 
				 decomposed into the simpler operations, and each of them is
			
 
				 strategically positioned on the stack so as to effect the evaluation of
			
 
				-the combination. For example, if <var>f</var> were of the form
			
 
				-<code>compose(</code><var>g</var><code>,</code><var>h</var><code>)</code> (<code>silly</code> notation), the node with
			
 
				-<var>f</var> and <var>x</var> would be popped, but a node with
			
 
				-<var>g</var> as its <code>actor.contents</code> would be pushed, and then a
			
 
				-node with <var>h</var> as its <code>actor.contents</code> and <var>x</var>
			
 
				+the combination. For example, if <code><var>f</var></code> were of the form
			
 
				+<code>compose(<var>g</var>,<var>h</var>)</code> (<code>silly</code> notation), the node with
			
 
				+<code><var>f</var></code> and <code><var>x</var></code> would be popped, but a node with
			
 
				+<code><var>g</var></code> as its <code>actor.contents</code> would be pushed, and then a
			
 
				+node with <code><var>h</var></code> as its <code>actor.contents</code> and <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				 as its <code>datum.contents</code> would be pushed. Furthermore, the
			
 
				 <code>client</code> field of the latter node would point to the
			
 
				-<code>datum.contents</code> of the one with <var>g</var>, and the
			
 
				-<code>client</code> field of the one with <var>g</var> would point
			
 
				-wherever the <code>client</code> of the popped node used to point. 
			
 
				-<li>If the operation indicated by the top <code>actor.contents</code> is neither
			
 
				+<code>datum.contents</code> of the one with <code><var>g</var></code>, and the
			
 
				+<code>client</code> field of the one with <code><var>g</var></code> would point
			
 
				+wherever the <code>client</code> of the popped node used to point.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+If the operation indicated by the top <code>actor.contents</code> is neither
			
 
				 implemented by a canned operation in the library nor easily decomposable
			
 
				 into some that are, the evaluator can either give up or use virtual code
			
 
				 to execute other virtual code. The latter trick is accomplished by
			
 
				-pushing a node with <var>f</var> as its <code>datum.contents</code>, and a
			
 
				-copy of a hard coded virtual code interpreter <var>V</var> as its
			
 
				+pushing a node with <code><var>f</var></code> as its <code>datum.contents</code>, and a
			
 
				+copy of a hard coded virtual code interpreter <code><var>V</var></code> as its
			
 
				 <code>actor.contents</code>. The <code>client</code> of this node will point to the
			
 
				-<var>f</var> in the original node so as to overwrite it when a
			
 
				+<code><var>f</var></code> in the original node so as to overwrite it when a
			
 
				 simplified version is subsequently computed. The implementation of
			
 
				-<var>V</var> is a straightforward exercise in <code>silly</code>
			
 
				-programming. 
			
 
				-<li>In any case, the evaluator would continue working on the stack until
			
 
				+<code><var>V</var></code> is a straightforward exercise in <code>silly</code>
			
 
				+programming.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+In any case, the evaluator would continue working on the stack until
			
 
				 everything on it has been popped, at which time the result of the entire
			
 
				 computation will be found in the packet addressed by the <code>client</code>
			
 
				 in the original instruction node.
			
 
				-        </ol>
			
 
				+</li></ol>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>What makes this strategy feasible to implement is the assumption of a
			
 
				+<p>What makes this strategy feasible to implement is the assumption of a
			
 
				 sequential language, wherein synchronization incurs no cost and is
			
 
				 automatic. The availability of any operand is implied by its position at
			
 
				 the top of the stack. If you are reading this section with a view to
			
 
				-<a name="index-threads-647"></a>implementing a concurrent or multi-threaded evaluation strategy, it will
			
 
				+<a name="index-threads-1"></a>
			
 
				+implementing a concurrent or multi-threaded evaluation strategy, it will
			
 
				 be apparent that further provisions would need to be made, such as that
			
 
				 of a <code>data_ready</code> flag added to the <code>avm_packet</code> structure.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The following functions support the use of stacks of instruction nodes
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The following functions support the use of stacks of instruction nodes
			
 
				 that would be needed in an evaluation strategy such as the one above.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: int <b>avm_scheduled</b> (<var>list actor_contents, counter datum_errors, list datum_contents, port client, instruction *next, score sheet</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fscheduled-648"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote>
			
 
				-        <p>This function performs the memory allocation for instruction nodes. It
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fscheduled"></a><u>Function:</u> int <b>avm_scheduled</b><i> (list <var>actor_contents</var>, counter <var>datum_errors</var>, list <var>datum_contents</var>, port <var>client</var>, instruction *<var>next</var>, score <var>sheet</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd>
			
 
				+<p>This function performs the memory allocation for instruction nodes. It
			
 
				 attempts to create one and to initialize the fields with the given
			
 
				 parameters, returning a pointer to it if successful. It returns a
			
 
				 <code>NULL</code> pointer if the storage could not be allocated.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Copies of the <code>list</code> parameters <code>actor_contents</code> and
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Copies of the <code>list</code> parameters <code>actor_contents</code> and
			
 
				 <code>data_contents</code> are made by this function using <code>avm_copied</code>,
			
 
				 so the originals still exist as far as the caller is concerned and will
			
 
				 have to be deallocated separately from this structure. The copies are
			
 
				 made only if the allocation succeeds.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>Any fields other than those indicated by the parameters to this function
			
 
				-are filled with zeros in the result. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_retire</b> (<var>instruction *done</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fretire-649"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs the storage reclamation of instructions, taking
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Any fields other than those indicated by the parameters to this function
			
 
				+are filled with zeros in the result.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fretire"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_retire</b><i> (instruction *<var>done</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs the storage reclamation of instructions, taking
			
 
				 as its argument the instruction to be reclaimed. The <code>list</code> fields
			
 
				 in the structure corresponding to the <code>list</code> parameters used when
			
 
				 it was created are specifically reclaimed as well, using
			
 
				 <code>avm_dispose</code>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The argument to this function is the address of an <code>instruction</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The argument to this function is the address of an <code>instruction</code>
			
 
				 rather than just an <code>instruction</code> so that the <code>instruction</code>
			
 
				 whose address is given may be reassigned as the <code>dependents</code> field
			
 
				 of the deallocated node. In this way, the instructions can form a stack
			
 
				 that is popped by this function.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>This function cooperates with <code>avm_scheduled</code> in the use of a local
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>This function cooperates with <code>avm_scheduled</code> in the use of a local
			
 
				 cache of instruction nodes in the interest of better performance. Client
			
 
				 modules should not attempt to allocate or reclaim instructions directly
			
 
				 with <code>malloc</code> or <code>free</code>, but use only these functions.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>It causes a fatal internal error to pass a <code>NULL</code> pointer to this
			
 
				-function. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_reschedule</b> (<var>instruction *next</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005freschedule-650"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>Given the address of an instruction pointer that may be regarded as the
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>It causes a fatal internal error to pass a <code>NULL</code> pointer to this
			
 
				+function.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005freschedule"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_reschedule</b><i> (instruction *<var>next</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Given the address of an instruction pointer that may be regarded as the
			
 
				 top of a stack of instructions threaded through the <code>dependents</code>
			
 
				 field, this function exchanges the positions of the top instruction and
			
 
				 the one below it. A fatal internal error is caused if there are fewer
			
 
				 than two instructions in the stack.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>A use for this function arises in the course of evaluating virtual code
			
 
				-applications of the form <code>conditional(</code><var>p</var><code>,(</code><var>f</var><code>,</code><var>g</var><code>))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A use for this function arises in the course of evaluating virtual code
			
 
				+applications of the form <code>conditional(<var>p</var>,(<var>f</var>,<var>g</var>))</code>
			
 
				 (in <code>silly</code> notation). The evaluation strategy would require
			
 
				-pushing nodes for all three constituents, but with <var>p</var> pushed
			
 
				+pushing nodes for all three constituents, but with <code><var>p</var></code> pushed
			
 
				 last (therefore evaluated first). The result of the evaluation of
			
 
				-<var>p</var> would require either the top one or the one below it to
			
 
				+<code><var>p</var></code> would require either the top one or the one below it to
			
 
				 be popped without being evaluated, depending on whether the result is
			
 
				-empty. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_instruct</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005finstruct-651"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called before any of the instruction memory
			
 
				+empty.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005finstruct"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_instruct</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called before any of the instruction memory
			
 
				 management functions is called in order to initialize some local data
			
 
				-structures. Results are unpredictable without it. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_instruct</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005finstruct-652"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the
			
 
				+structures. Results are unpredictable without it.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005finstruct"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_instruct</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called after the last call to any of the
			
 
				 other functions in this section in order to detect and report
			
 
				 unreclaimed storage associated with them. A warning message will be
			
 
				 written to standard error if any unreclaimed instructions remain. This
			
 
				 function relies on the assumption that the memory management has been
			
 
				-done only by way of the above functions. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
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				-
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.3 Interaction combinator</h5>
			
 
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				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.3 Interaction combinator</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>A further combinator allows virtual code applications to interact
			
 
				 directly with any interactive console application using the
			
 
				 <code>expect</code> library.  The mechanism is similar to that of
			
 
				-interactive applications documented in the <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>, but attempts to be more convenient. 
			
 
				+interactive applications documented in the <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>, but attempts to be more convenient.
			
 
				 Instead of being designed as an interactive application, any virtual
			
 
				 code application may use this combinator to spawn a shell and interact
			
 
				 with it in order to compute some desired result.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The advantage of this combinator over the <code>library</code> combinator is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The advantage of this combinator over the <code>library</code> combinator is
			
 
				 that it requires no modification of the virtual machine to support new
			
 
				 applications. It can also interact with applications that may reside
			
 
				 on remote servers, that are implemented languages other than C, or
			
 
				-<a name="index-GNU-R-380"></a>whose source code is unavailable. For example, the GNU R statistical
			
 
				+<a name="index-GNU-R"></a>
			
 
				+whose source code is unavailable. For example, the GNU R statistical
			
 
				 package provides an interactive command to evaluate multivariate
			
 
				-<a name="index-multivariate-normal-distrubution-381"></a>normal distribution functions with an arbitrary covariance matrix, but
			
 
				-<a name="index-covariance-matrix-382"></a>the corresponding function is not provided by the <code>Rmath</code> C
			
 
				-library (or any other free library, to the author's knowledge) because
			
 
				+<a name="index-multivariate-normal-distrubution"></a>
			
 
				+normal distribution functions with an arbitrary covariance matrix, but
			
 
				+<a name="index-covariance-matrix"></a>
			
 
				+the corresponding function is not provided by the <code>Rmath</code> C
			
 
				+library (or any other free library, to the author&rsquo;s knowledge) because
			
 
				 it is implemented in interpreted code. This combinator makes it
			
 
				 callable by an <code>avram</code> virtual code application nevertheless. The
			
 
				 disadvantage compared to the <code>library</code> combinator is that there
			
 
				 is more overhead in spawning a process than simply making a call to a
			
 
				 built in function, and the programming interface is more complicated.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The combinator takes the form
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T35</em><dd>[[<code>interact</code>]] <var>f</var> = <code>((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,</code><var>f</var><code>),nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The combinator takes the form
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T35</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>interact</code>]] <var>f</var> = <code>((nil,nil),(((nil,nil),nil),((nil,<var>f</var>),nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">where <var>f</var> is the virtual code for a function that
			
 
				+<p>where <var>f</var> is the virtual code for a function that
			
 
				 follows the same protocol described in <a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>,
			
 
				 except that it does not allow file output as described in
			
 
				 <a href="Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction.html#Mixed-Modes-of-Interaction">Mixed Modes of Interaction</a>. The argument <code>x</code> is ignored when the
			
@@ -71,76 +106,109 @@ is a transcript of the dialogue that took place between <code>f</code> and the
 
				 externally spawned shell, represented as a list of lists of strings for
			
 
				 line oriented interaction, or a list of characters alternating with lists of
			
 
				 strings in the case of character oriented interaction.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The following example demonstrates a trivial use of the <code>interact</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The following example demonstrates a trivial use of the <code>interact</code>
			
 
				 combinator to spawn an <code>ftp</code> client, do an <code>ls</code> command, and then
			
 
				-<a name="index-ftp-383"></a>terminate the session.
			
 
				+<a name="index-ftp"></a>
			
 
				+terminate the session.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">
			
 
				+eof = &lt;(nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))&gt;
			
 
				+
			
 
				+demo =
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     
			
 
				-     eof = &lt;(nil,(nil,(((nil,nil),nil),(nil,nil))))&gt;
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     demo =
			
 
				-     
			
 
				-     interact conditional(
			
 
				-        conditional(identity,constant false,constant true),
			
 
				-        constant(0,&lt;'ftp'&gt;,&lt;'ftp&gt; '&gt;),
			
 
				-        conditional(
			
 
				-           conditional(left,constant false,constant true),
			
 
				-           constant(1,&lt;'ls',''&gt;,&lt;'','ftp&gt; '&gt;),
			
 
				-           conditional(
			
 
				-              compose(compare,couple(left,constant 1)),
			
 
				-              constant(2,&lt;'bye',''&gt;,&lt;eof&gt;),
			
 
				-              constant nil)))
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">Some liberties are taken with <code>silly</code> syntax in this example, in
			
 
				+interact conditional(
			
 
				+   conditional(identity,constant false,constant true),
			
 
				+   constant(0,&lt;'ftp'&gt;,&lt;'ftp&gt; '&gt;),
			
 
				+   conditional(
			
 
				+      conditional(left,constant false,constant true),
			
 
				+      constant(1,&lt;'ls',''&gt;,&lt;'','ftp&gt; '&gt;),
			
 
				+      conditional(
			
 
				+         compose(compare,couple(left,constant 1)),
			
 
				+         constant(2,&lt;'bye',''&gt;,&lt;eof&gt;),
			
 
				+         constant nil)))
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Some liberties are taken with <code>silly</code> syntax in this example, in
			
 
				 the way of using angle brackets to denote lists, and numbers to
			
 
				 represent states.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The interacting transducer works by checking whether its argument is
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li>
			
 
				+The interacting transducer works by checking whether its argument is
			
 
				 empty (via the <code>identity</code> function used as a predicate in the
			
 
				 <code>conditional</code>, which is then negated). In that case it returns
			
 
				 the triple containing the initial state of 0, the <code>ftp</code> shell
			
 
				 command to spawn the client, and the <code>'ftp&gt; '</code> prompt expected
			
 
				 when the client has been spawned, both of the latter being lists of
			
 
				-strings. 
			
 
				-<li>If the argument is non-empty, then next it checks whether it is in the
			
 
				+strings.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+If the argument is non-empty, then next it checks whether it is in the
			
 
				 initial state of 0, (via the <code>left</code> function used as a predicate,
			
 
				 referring to the state variable expected on the left of any given
			
 
				 <code>(state,input)</code> pair, also negated). If so, it returns the triple
			
 
				 containing the next state of 1, the <code>ls</code> command followed by an
			
 
				 empty string to indicate a line break, and the expected prompt
			
 
				 preceded by an empty string to match it only at the beginning of a
			
 
				-line. 
			
 
				-<li>Finally, it checks for state 1, in which case it issues the
			
 
				+line.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+Finally, it checks for state 1, in which case it issues the
			
 
				 <code>bye</code> command to close the session, <code>eof</code> rather than a
			
 
				-<a name="index-eof-384"></a>prompt to wait for termination of the client, and a state of 2. 
			
 
				-<li>In the remaining state of 2, which needn't be explicitly tested
			
 
				+<a name="index-eof"></a>
			
 
				+prompt to wait for termination of the client, and a state of 2.
			
 
				+</li><li>
			
 
				+In the remaining state of 2, which needn&rsquo;t be explicitly tested
			
 
				 because it is the only remaining possibility, the program returns a
			
 
				 <code>nil</code> value to indicate that the computation has
			
 
				-terminated. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+terminated.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>Deadlock would be possible at any point if either party did not follow
			
 
				-<a name="index-deadlock-385"></a>this protocol, but for this example it is not an issue. If an
			
 
				+<p>Deadlock would be possible at any point if either party did not follow
			
 
				+<a name="index-deadlock-1"></a>
			
 
				+this protocol, but for this example it is not an issue. If an
			
 
				 expression of the form <code>demo x</code> were to be evaluated, then
			
 
				 regardless of the value of <code>x</code>, the value of the result would be
			
 
				 as shown below.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">&lt;
			
 
				+   &lt;'ftp'&gt;,
			
 
				+   &lt;'ftp&gt; '&gt;,
			
 
				+   &lt;'ls',''&gt;,
			
 
				+   &lt;'ls','Not connected.','ftp&gt; '&gt;,
			
 
				+   &lt;'bye',''&gt;,
			
 
				+   &lt;'bye',''&gt;&gt;
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     &lt;
			
 
				-        &lt;'ftp'&gt;,
			
 
				-        &lt;'ftp&gt; '&gt;,
			
 
				-        &lt;'ls',''&gt;,
			
 
				-        &lt;'ls','Not connected.','ftp&gt; '&gt;,
			
 
				-        &lt;'bye',''&gt;,
			
 
				-        &lt;'bye',''&gt;&gt;
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p class="noindent">That is, it would be a list of lists of strings, alternating between the
			
 
				+<p>That is, it would be a list of lists of strings, alternating between the
			
 
				 output of the interactor and the output of the <code>ftp</code> client.  If
			
 
				 the spawned application had been something non-trivial such as a
			
 
				 computer algebra system or a command line web search utility,
			
 
				 then it is easy to see how functions using this combinator can leverage
			
 
				 off a wealth of available resources.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.16 Interfaces to External Code</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Interfaces-to-External-Code-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.16 Interfaces to External Code</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>A few other combinators have been incorporated into the virtual
			
 
				 machine as alternatives to the style of interactive applications
			
@@ -44,8 +72,8 @@ for any particular command line options to specify interactive
 
				 invocation, nor for the application to be designed that way from the
			
 
				 outset. Existing virtual code applications may therefore be enhanced
			
 
				 to make use of these features without radical changes.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>To account for these additional capabilities, it is not entirely
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>To account for these additional capabilities, it is not entirely
			
 
				 adequate to continue defining the virtual machine semantics in terms
			
 
				 of a mathematical function, but it is done nevertheless due to the
			
 
				 lack of any appealing alternative. Although most library functions are
			
@@ -53,16 +81,43 @@ in fact functions in the sense that their outputs are determined by
 
				 their arguments, they defy a concise specification within the present
			
 
				 mathematical framework, especially insofar as they may involve finite
			
 
				 precision floating point numbers. More problematically, the effect of
			
 
				-interaction with a shell is neither well defined nor deterministic. 
			
 
				+interaction with a shell is neither well defined nor deterministic.
			
 
				 The descriptions that follow presuppose a computational procedure
			
 
				 associated with the following definitions but leave its exact nature
			
 
				 unspecified.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Library-combinator.html#Library-combinator">2.7.16.1 Library combinator</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                    
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Have-combinator.html#Have-combinator">2.7.16.2 Have combinator</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Interaction-combinator.html#Interaction-combinator">2.7.16.3 Interaction combinator</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      
			
 
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@@ -1,59 +1,119 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">1.6.1 Internal Errors</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-internal-errors-55"></a>Internal errors should never occur unless the
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="User-Manual.html#User-Manual" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<a name="Internal-Errors-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">1.6.1 Internal Errors</h3>
			
 
				+<a name="index-internal-errors"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Internal errors should never occur unless the
			
 
				 <code>avram</code> source code has been carelessly modified, except as noted
			
 
				 in <a href="Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a>. There are two kinds.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>application-name</var><code>: virtual machine internal error (code </code><var>nn</var><code>)</code><dd>Most internal errors would be reported by a message of this form
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: virtual machine internal error (code <var>nn</var>)</code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>Most internal errors would be reported by a message of this form
			
 
				 if they were to occur. It indicates that some required invariant was
			
 
				 not maintained. In such cases, the program terminates immediately, and
			
 
				-any results already produced are suspect. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>application-name</var><code>: </code><var>nn</var><code> unreclaimed </code><var>struct-names</var><dd>A message of this form could be printed at the end of an otherwise successful
			
 
				+any results already produced are suspect.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <code><var>application-name</var>: <var>nn</var> unreclaimed <var>struct-names</var></code></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>A message of this form could be printed at the end of an otherwise successful
			
 
				 run. <code>avram</code> maintains a count of the number of units allocated
			
 
				 for various data structures, and checks that they are all reclaimed
			
 
				 eventually as a safeguard against memory leaks. This message indicates
			
 
				-that some memory remains unaccounted for. 
			
 
				+that some memory remains unaccounted for.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-bug-reports-56"></a><a name="index-email-57"></a><a name="index-author-58"></a>If a repeatable internal error is discovered, please email a bug
			
 
				-report and a small representative test case to the author at
			
 
				-<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>. Include the version number of <code>avram</code>,
			
 
				-which you can get by running <kbd>avram --version</kbd>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   </body></html>
			
 
				+<a name="index-bug-reports"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-email"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-author"></a>
			
 
				+<p>If a repeatable internal error is discovered, please email a bug
			
 
				+report and a small representative test case to
			
 
				+<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> or file an issue on the Avram
			
 
				+github page. Include the version number of <code>avram</code>, which you can
			
 
				+get by running <kbd>avram --version</kbd>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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@@ -1,48 +1,86 @@
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.12 Iteration</h4>
			
 
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				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.12 Iteration</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-recursion-314"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007biterate_007d-315"></a>One of many alternatives to recursion provided by the virtual machine is
			
 
				+<a name="index-recursion-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-iterate"></a>
			
 
				+<p>One of many alternatives to recursion provided by the virtual machine is
			
 
				 iteration, which allows an operation to be repeated until a condition is
			
 
				 met. If the source language is imperative, this feature provides an easy
			
 
				 means of translating loop statements to virtual code. In languages that allow
			
@@ -42,35 +72,65 @@ functions to be treated as data, iteration can be regarded as a function
 
				 that takes a predicate and a function as arguments, and returns a
			
 
				 function that applies the given function repeatedly to its argument
			
 
				 until the predicate is refuted.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Iterative applications are expressed in virtual code by the pattern shown below.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T21</em><dd>[[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code> = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Iterative applications are expressed in virtual code by the pattern shown below.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T21</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code> = <code>((nil,nil),(nil,(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">In the <code>silly</code> language, the <code>iterate</code> mnemonic plays the role
			
 
				+<p>In the <code>silly</code> language, the <code>iterate</code> mnemonic plays the role
			
 
				 of the function that takes the virtual code for a predicate
			
 
				-<var>p</var> and a function <var>f</var> as arguments, and returns
			
 
				+<code><var>p</var></code> and a function <code><var>f</var></code> as arguments, and returns
			
 
				 the virtual code for an iterating function.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The code for an iterating function is recognized as such by the virtual
			
 
				-machine emulator only if the subtrees <var>f</var> and <var>p</var> are other
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The code for an iterating function is recognized as such by the virtual
			
 
				+machine emulator only if the subtrees <code><var>f</var></code> and <code><var>p</var></code> are other
			
 
				 than <code>nil</code>. The resulting function tests the argument
			
 
				-<var>x</var> with <var>p</var> and returns <var>x</var> if the
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var></code> with <code><var>p</var></code> and returns <code><var>x</var></code> if the
			
 
				 predicate is false.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P22</em><dd>([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> = <var>x</var> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P22</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> = <code><var>x</var></code> if <code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">If the predicate turns out to be true, <var>f</var> is applied to
			
 
				-<var>x</var>, and then another iteration is performed.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P23</em><dd>([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code>) <var>x</var> =
			
 
				-([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(</code><var>p</var><code>,</code><var>f</var><code>)</code>) <var>f</var> <var>x</var> if <var>p</var> <var>x</var> is a non-<code>nil</code> tree
			
 
				+<p>If the predicate turns out to be true, <code><var>f</var></code> is applied to
			
 
				+<code><var>x</var></code>, and then another iteration is performed.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P23</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code>) <code><var>x</var></code> =
			
 
				+([[<code>iterate</code>]] <code>(<var>p</var>,<var>f</var>)</code>) <code><var>f</var> <var>x</var></code> if <code><var>p</var> <var>x</var></code> is a non-<code>nil</code> tree
			
 
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				+<h1 class="chapter">3. Library Reference</h1>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Much of the code developed for <code>avram</code> may be reusable in other
			
 
				 projects, so it has been packaged into a library and documented in this
			
@@ -41,60 +70,97 @@ file encapsulates an abstract type and a number of related functions,
 
				 except for a few cases where C makes such a design awkward. An attempt
			
 
				 has been made to present the sections in a readable order as far as
			
 
				 possible.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The documentation in this chapter is confined to the application program
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The documentation in this chapter is confined to the application program
			
 
				 interface (API), and does not delve unnecessarily into any details of the
			
 
				-<a name="index-API-392"></a>implementation. A reader wishing to extend, modify, or troubleshoot the
			
 
				+<a name="index-API"></a>
			
 
				+implementation. A reader wishing to extend, modify, or troubleshoot the
			
 
				 library itself can find additional information in the source code
			
 
				 comments. These are more likely to be in sync with the code than this
			
 
				 document may be, and are more readily accessible to someone working with
			
 
				 the code.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Some general points pertaining to the library are the following.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>Unlike the previous chapter, this chapter uses the word
			
 
				-&ldquo;function&rdquo; in the C sense rather than the mathematical sense of the word. 
			
 
				-<li>Internal errors are internal from the user's point of view, not
			
 
				-the developer's (<a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">Internal Errors</a>). Invoking these functions in
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Some general points pertaining to the library are the following.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> Unlike the previous chapter, this chapter uses the word
			
 
				+&ldquo;function&rdquo; in the C sense rather than the mathematical sense of the word.
			
 
				+</li><li> Internal errors are internal from the user&rsquo;s point of view, not
			
 
				+the developer&rsquo;s (<a href="Internal-Errors.html#Internal-Errors">Internal Errors</a>). Invoking these functions in
			
 
				 ways that are contrary to their specifications can certainly cause
			
 
				-internal errors (not to mention segfaults). 
			
 
				-<li>The library is definitely not thread safe, and thread safety is
			
 
				-<a name="index-threads-393"></a>not a planned enhancement. The amount of locking required to make it
			
 
				+internal errors (not to mention segfaults).
			
 
				+</li><li> The library is definitely not thread safe, and thread safety is
			
 
				+<a name="index-threads"></a>
			
 
				+not a planned enhancement. The amount of locking required to make it
			
 
				 thread safe would probably incur an objectionable performance penalty
			
 
				 due to the complexity of the shared data structures involved, in
			
 
				 addition to being very difficult to get right. If you need these
			
 
				 facilities in a concurrent application, consider spawning a process for
			
 
				-<a name="index-spawning-processes-394"></a>each client of the library so as to keep their address spaces separate. 
			
 
				-<li>The library files are built from the standard source
			
 
				-distribution using GNU <samp><span class="command">libtool</span></samp>. In the default directory
			
 
				+<a name="index-spawning-processes-3"></a>
			
 
				+each client of the library so as to keep their address spaces separate.
			
 
				+</li><li> The library files are built from the standard source
			
 
				+distribution using GNU <code>libtool</code>. In the default directory
			
 
				 hierarchy, they will be found
			
 
				-either in <samp><span class="file">/usr/lib/libavram.*</span></samp> or in <samp><span class="file">/usr/local/lib/libavram.*</span></samp>. 
			
 
				-These directories will differ in a non-standard installation. 
			
 
				-<li>The header files will probably be
			
 
				-located in either <samp><span class="file">/usr/include/avm/*.h</span></samp> or
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/include/avm/*.h</span></samp> for a standard installation. 
			
 
				-<li>All exported functions, macros and constants are
			
 
				+either in &lsquo;<tt>/usr/lib/libavram.*</tt>&rsquo; or in &lsquo;<tt>/usr/local/lib/libavram.*</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+These directories will differ in a non-standard installation.
			
 
				+</li><li> The header files will probably be
			
 
				+located in either &lsquo;<tt>/usr/include/avm/*.h</tt>&rsquo; or
			
 
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				 with other libraries. Not all type declarations or field identifiers
			
 
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				-<li>The library header files are designed to be compatible with C++
			
 
				-<a name="index-C_002b_002b-395"></a>but have been tested only with C. Please refer to platform specific
			
 
				+follow this convention, because that would be far too tedious.
			
 
				+</li><li> The library header files are designed to be compatible with C++
			
 
				+<a name="index-C_002b_002b"></a>
			
 
				+but have been tested only with C. Please refer to platform specific
			
 
				 documentation for further information on how to link library modules
			
 
				-with your own code. 
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.1 Library combinator</h5>
			
 
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				+<a name="Library-combinator-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.16.1 Library combinator</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The simplest and fastest method of interfacing to an external library
			
 
				 is by way of a virtual machine combinator called <code>library</code>. It
			
 
				 takes two non-empty character strings as arguments to a virtual code
			
 
				 program of the form implied by the following property.
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T33</em><dd>[[<code>library</code>]] (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>) = <code>((nil,nil),((</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>),(nil,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p><dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T33</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>library</code>]] (<code><var>x</var></code>,<code><var>y</var></code>) = <code>((nil,nil),((<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>),(nil,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">Intuitively, <var>x</var> is the name of a library and <var>y</var> is the name
			
 
				+<p>Intuitively, <var>x</var> is the name of a library and <var>y</var> is the name
			
 
				 of a function within the library. For example, if <var>x</var> is
			
 
				 <code>'math'</code> and <var>y</var> is <code>'sqrt'</code>, then
			
 
				 <code>library</code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>) represents the function that computes
			
 
				 the square root of a floating point number as defined by the host
			
 
				-machine's native C implementation, normally in IEEE double precision
			
 
				+machine&rsquo;s native C implementation, normally in IEEE double precision
			
 
				 format.  Different functions and libraries may involve other argument
			
 
				 and result types, such as complex numbers, arrays, sparse matrices, or
			
 
				 arbitrary precision numbers. A list of currently supported external
			
 
				 library names with their functions and calling conventions is given in
			
 
				 <a href="External-Libraries.html#External-Libraries">External Libraries</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>On the virtual code side, all function arguments and results
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>On the virtual code side, all function arguments and results
			
 
				 regardless of their types are encoded as nested pairs of <code>nil</code>,
			
 
				 as always, and may be manipulated or stored as any other data,
			
 
				-including storage and retrieval from files in <samp><span class="file">.avm</span></samp> virtual
			
 
				+including storage and retrieval from files in &lsquo;<tt>.avm</tt>&rsquo; virtual
			
 
				 code format (<a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>). However, on the C side,
			
 
				 various memory management and caching techniques are employed to
			
 
				 maintain this facade while allowing the libraries to operate on data
			
 
				 in their native format. The details are given more fully in the API
			
 
				 documentation, particularly in <a href="Type-Conversions.html#Type-Conversions">Type Conversions</a> and
			
 
				 <a href="External-Library-Maintenance.html#External-Library-Maintenance">External Library Maintenance</a>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>While this style is fast and convenient, it is limited either to
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>While this style is fast and convenient, it is limited either to
			
 
				 libraries that have already been built into the virtual machine, or to
			
 
				 those for which the user is prepared to implement a new interface
			
 
				 module in C as described in <a href="Implementing-new-library-functions.html#Implementing-new-library-functions">Implementing new library functions</a>.
			
 
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				 <a name="Line-Maps"></a>
			
 
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				-
			
 
				-<h4 class="subsection">2.5.2 Line Maps</h4>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-193"></a>Virtual code applications invoked with the <samp><span class="option">--line-map</span></samp> option
			
 
				-(with or without the <samp><span class="option">--unparameterized</span></samp> option) adhere to a very
			
 
				-simple interface.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>The argument to the function is a character string, and the result
			
 
				-must also be a character string. 
			
 
				-<li>The function is applied to each line of the standard input file
			
 
				-<a name="index-standard-input-194"></a>and the result in each case is written to standard output followed by a
			
 
				-<a name="index-standard-output-195"></a>line break. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p><a name="index-infinite-streams-196"></a>This kind of application may be used on finite or infinite streams,
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Line-Maps-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.5.2 Line Maps</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-line_002dmap-command-line-option-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>Virtual code applications invoked with the &lsquo;<samp>--line-map</samp>&rsquo; option
			
 
				+(with or without the &lsquo;<samp>--unparameterized</samp>&rsquo; option) adhere to a very
			
 
				+simple interface. 
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> The argument to the function is a character string, and the result
			
 
				+must also be a character string.
			
 
				+</li><li> The function is applied to each line of the standard input file
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-input-7"></a>
			
 
				+and the result in each case is written to standard output followed by a
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-output-1"></a>
			
 
				+line break.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-infinite-streams-1"></a>
			
 
				+<p>This kind of application may be used on finite or infinite streams,
			
 
				 provided that the lengths of the lines are finite, but preserves no state
			
 
				 information from one line to the next.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
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				-<a name="Line-Oriented-Interaction"></a>
			
 
				-<p>
			
 
				-Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction">Character Oriented Interaction</a>,
			
 
				-Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>,
			
 
				-Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications">Output From Interactive Applications</a>
			
 
				-<hr>
			
 
				-</div>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.4.1 Line Oriented Interaction</h5>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Output-From-Interactive-Applications.html#Output-From-Interactive-Applications" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Oriented-Interaction.html#Character-Oriented-Interaction" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Virtual-Machine-Specification.html#Virtual-Machine-Specification" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="Line-Oriented-Interaction-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.6.4.1 Line Oriented Interaction</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>Within this general pattern, more specific styles of interaction are
			
 
				 possible. In the simplest one to explain first, the result returned by
			
 
				 the function is always a data structure of the form
			
 
				-<a name="index-command-line-231"></a><code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,(</code><var>command lines</var><code>,</code><var>prompts</var><code>))</code>, wherein the
			
 
				+<a name="index-command-line-4"></a>
			
 
				+<code>(<var>state</var>,(<var>command lines</var>,<var>prompts</var>))</code>, wherein the
			
 
				 fields have these interpretations.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><var>state</var><dd>is a tree incorporating any data in any format that the application
			
 
				-needs to remember from one invocation to the next. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>command lines</var><dd>is a list of character strings that are piped to the standard input
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <var>state</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a tree incorporating any data in any format that the application
			
 
				+needs to remember from one invocation to the next.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>command lines</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a list of character strings that are piped to the standard input
			
 
				 stream of a separately spawned process. The process may persist from one
			
 
				-invocation of the function to the next, or may be spawned each time. 
			
 
				-<br><dt><var>prompts</var><dd>is a non-empty list of character strings containing a suffix of the text
			
 
				+invocation of the function to the next, or may be spawned each time.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <var>prompts</var></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>is a non-empty list of character strings containing a suffix of the text
			
 
				 expected from the standard output stream of the process as a result of
			
 
				-sending the command lines to it. 
			
 
				+sending the command lines to it.
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-   <p>On each iteration, <code>avram</code> sends the command line character strings
			
 
				-<a name="index-spawning-processes-232"></a>to a separately spawned process, with line breaks between them if there
			
 
				+<p>On each iteration, <code>avram</code> sends the command line character strings
			
 
				+<a name="index-spawning-processes-1"></a>
			
 
				+to a separately spawned process, with line breaks between them if there
			
 
				 are more than one command. If a process remains from the previous iteration that
			
 
				 has not terminated itself, the list of command lines is sent to the same
			
 
				 process. If no such process already exists, the first string in the list
			
 
				 of command lines is treated as a shell command and used to spawn the
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bexp_005fpopen_007d-233"></a>process (using the <code>exp_popen</code> library function), and the remaining
			
 
				+<a name="index-exp_005fpopen-1"></a>
			
 
				+process (using the <code>exp_popen</code> library function), and the remaining
			
 
				 strings are sent to the newly spawned process.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>Normally processes spawned with commands that invoke interactive command
			
 
				-line interpreters of their own, such as <samp><span class="command">bash</span></samp>, <samp><span class="command">ftp</span></samp> or
			
 
				-<samp><span class="command">bc</span></samp>, will persist indefinitely unless the command causing them
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>Normally processes spawned with commands that invoke interactive command
			
 
				+line interpreters of their own, such as <code>bash</code>, <code>ftp</code> or
			
 
				+<code>bc</code>, will persist indefinitely unless the command causing them
			
 
				 to exit is issued or some other event kills them. Processes spawned with
			
 
				-non-interactive commands, such as <samp><span class="command">ls</span></samp> or <samp><span class="command">pwd</span></samp>, will
			
 
				+non-interactive commands, such as <code>ls</code> or <code>pwd</code>, will
			
 
				 terminate when the last of their initial output has been received.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>In the case of processes that persist after being spawned, <code>avram</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In the case of processes that persist after being spawned, <code>avram</code>
			
 
				 needs some way of knowing when to stop waiting for more output from them
			
 
				-so that it doesn't get stuck waiting forever. This purpose is served by
			
 
				+so that it doesn&rsquo;t get stuck waiting forever. This purpose is served by
			
 
				 the <var>prompts</var> field. This field could contain a single string
			
 
				 holding the last thing the process will send before becoming quiescent,
			
 
				 such as the strings <code>bash$ </code> or <code>ftp&gt; </code> in the above
			
@@ -77,13 +114,14 @@ examples. Alternatively, a sequence of more than one prompt string can
 
				 be used to indicate that the corresponding sequence of lines must be
			
 
				 detected. An empty string followed by <code>ftp&gt; </code> would indicate that
			
 
				 the <code>ftp&gt; </code> prompt is expected to be immediately preceded by a line
			
 
				-<a name="index-prompts-234"></a>break. There is also the option of using prompt strings to indicate a
			
 
				+<a name="index-prompts"></a>
			
 
				+break. There is also the option of using prompt strings to indicate a
			
 
				 pattern that does not necessarily imply quiescence, but is a more
			
 
				 convenient point at which to stop reading the output from the process.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>For processes spawned with commands that do not start their own
			
 
				-interactive command line interpreters, such as <samp><span class="command">ls</span></samp> or
			
 
				-<samp><span class="command">pwd</span></samp>, it may be preferable to read all the output from them
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>For processes spawned with commands that do not start their own
			
 
				+interactive command line interpreters, such as <code>ls</code> or
			
 
				+<code>pwd</code>, it may be preferable to read all the output from them
			
 
				 until they terminate. To achieve this effect, the list of prompt strings
			
 
				 should contain only the single string containing only the single
			
 
				 <code>EOF</code> character (usually code 4) or any other character that is
			
@@ -91,20 +129,20 @@ certain not to occur in the output of the process. This technique is
 
				 based on the assumption that the process was spawned originally with the
			
 
				 command in question, not that such a command is sent to an existing
			
 
				 shell process.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>In any case, when enough output has been received from the process, it
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>In any case, when enough output has been received from the process, it
			
 
				 is collected into a list of received strings including the prompt
			
 
				 strings at the end (if they were received), and the function is applied
			
 
				-to the pair <code>(</code><var>state</var><code>,</code><var>received strings</var><code>)</code>. If the cycle is
			
 
				+to the pair <code>(<var>state</var>,<var>received strings</var>)</code>. If the cycle is
			
 
				 to continue, the result returned by the function will include a new
			
 
				 state, a new list of command lines, and a new list of prompt strings. A
			
 
				 result of <code>nil</code> will cause the computation to terminate.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>There are some unusual situations that could occur in the course of line
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>There are some unusual situations that could occur in the course of line
			
 
				 oriented interaction, and are summarized as follows.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <ul>
			
 
				-<li>If the process terminates before any pattern matching the prompt
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<ul>
			
 
				+<li> If the process terminates before any pattern matching the prompt
			
 
				 strings is received from it, all of the output from the process up to
			
 
				 the point where it terminated is collected into the <var>received
			
 
				 strings</var> list and passed to the function. This situation includes cases
			
@@ -112,27 +150,52 @@ where the process terminates immediately upon being spawned, but not
 
				 abnormal completion of the <code>exp_popen</code> library function, which is
			
 
				 a fatal error. This feature of the interface is what allows <code>EOF</code>
			
 
				 to be used for collecting all the output at once from a non-interactive
			
 
				-command. 
			
 
				-<li>If the list of <var>command lines</var> is empty, and no process
			
 
				+command.
			
 
				+</li><li> If the list of <var>command lines</var> is empty, and no process
			
 
				 currently exists due to a previous iteration, the effect is the same as
			
 
				 if the process terminates unexpectedly before outputting anything. I.e.,
			
 
				 the function is applied to a pair containing an empty list of received
			
 
				 strings. There is no good reason for an application to get into this
			
 
				-situation. 
			
 
				-<li>If the list of <var>command lines</var> is empty but a process persists
			
 
				+situation.
			
 
				+</li><li> If the list of <var>command lines</var> is empty but a process persists
			
 
				 from a previous iteration, no output is sent to it, but receiving from
			
 
				 it proceeds normally. This feature of the interface could be used
			
 
				 effectively by applications intended to process the received data in
			
 
				-<a name="index-deadlock-235"></a>parts, but will cause deadlock if the process is already quiescent. 
			
 
				-<li>All character strings have to consist of lists of valid
			
 
				-representations of non-null characters according to <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>, or else there will be some fatal error messages. 
			
 
				-<li>If the list of <var>prompt strings</var> contains only the empty
			
 
				+<a name="index-deadlock"></a>
			
 
				+parts, but will cause deadlock if the process is already quiescent.
			
 
				+</li><li> All character strings have to consist of lists of valid
			
 
				+representations of non-null characters according to <a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table">Character Table</a>, or else there will be some fatal error messages.
			
 
				+</li><li> If the list of <var>prompt strings</var> contains only the empty
			
 
				 string, <code>avram</code> will not wait to receive anything from the process,
			
 
				 but will proceed with the next iteration immediately. If this effect is
			
 
				 intended, care must be taken not to confuse the empty list
			
 
				 of <var>prompt strings</var> with the list containing the empty string. The former
			
 
				-indicates character oriented interaction, which is explained next. 
			
 
				-</ul>
			
 
				+indicates character oriented interaction, which is explained next.
			
 
				+</li></ul>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.13 List Combinators</h4>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-lists-316"></a><a name="index-imperative-programming-317"></a><a name="index-functional-programming-318"></a>There is extensive support for operations on lists in the virtual code
			
 
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				+<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Iteration.html#Iteration" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="avram_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
			
 
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				+</tr></table>
			
 
				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="List-Combinators-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.13 List Combinators</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<a name="index-lists-5"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-imperative-programming-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-functional-programming-3"></a>
			
 
				+<p>There is extensive support for operations on lists in the virtual code
			
 
				 format. Use of these features is encouraged because they are conducive
			
 
				 to tight code with explicit concurrency. Within an imperative
			
 
				 programming paradigm, these features might perhaps have to be understood
			
 
				 as design patterns or algorithmic skeletons. The present exposition
			
 
				 takes a functional view, describing them in terms of operators that take
			
 
				 functions as their arguments and return functions as their result.
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">2.7.14 List Functions</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="List-Functions-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.7.14 List Functions</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>In addition to the foregoing list operations, the virtual machine
			
 
				-<a name="index-lists-341"></a>provides a number of canned functions operating on lists, namely
			
 
				+<a name="index-lists-6"></a>
			
 
				+provides a number of canned functions operating on lists, namely
			
 
				 concatenation, reversal, distribution, and transposition. These
			
 
				 functions could be coded by other means if they were not built in, but
			
 
				 the built in versions are faster and smaller.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Cat.html#Cat">2.7.14.1 Cat</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                         
			
 
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				+<title>avram - a virtual machine code interpreter: 3.1.3 List Transformations</title>
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 List Transformations</h4>
			
 
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				-<p>Some functions declared in <samp><span class="file">listfuns.h</span></samp> are used to implement the
			
 
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				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Lists.html#Lists" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="Character-Table.html#Character-Table" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
			
 
				+<td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
			
 
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				+<hr size="1">
			
 
				+<a name="List-Transformations-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.1.3 List Transformations</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Some functions declared in &lsquo;<tt>listfuns.h</tt>&rsquo; are used to implement the
			
 
				 operations described in <a href="List-Functions.html#List-Functions">List Functions</a>. These functions are able
			
 
				 to report error messages in the event of overflow or other exceptional
			
 
				-<a name="index-overflow-423"></a><a name="index-exceptions-424"></a><a name="index-error-messages-425"></a>conditions, as described in <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a>. The error messages are
			
 
				+<a name="index-overflow-3"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-exceptions-4"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-error-messages-2"></a>
			
 
				+conditions, as described in <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a>. The error messages are
			
 
				 represented as lists and returned to the caller. The occurrence of an
			
 
				-error can be detected by the <code>*</code><var>fault</var> flag being set to a
			
 
				+error can be detected by the <code>*<var>fault</var></code> flag being set to a
			
 
				 non-zero value. None of these functions ever causes a program exit except
			
 
				 in the event of an internal error.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_listfuns</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005flistfuns-426"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This has to be called before any of the other functions in this section
			
 
				-is called. It initializes the error message lists, among other things. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_listfuns</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005flistfuns-427"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>At the end of a run, a call to this function can verify that no
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005flistfuns"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_listfuns</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This has to be called before any of the other functions in this section
			
 
				+is called. It initializes the error message lists, among other things.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005flistfuns"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_listfuns</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>At the end of a run, a call to this function can verify that no
			
 
				 unreclaimed storage attributable to these functions persists. If it
			
 
				 does, a warning is printed to standard error. If <code>avm_count_lists</code>
			
 
				-is also used, it must be called after this function. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_reversal</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005freversal-428"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>The reversal of the list is returned by this function if no overflow
			
 
				-occurs. A non-zero <code>*</code><var>fault</var> and an error message are returned
			
 
				-otherwise. The original <var>operand</var> still exists in its original
			
 
				+is also used, it must be called after this function.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005freversal"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_reversal</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>The reversal of the list is returned by this function if no overflow
			
 
				+occurs. A non-zero <code>*<var>fault</var></code> and an error message are returned
			
 
				+otherwise. The original <code><var>operand</var></code> still exists in its original
			
 
				 order after this function is called. The amount of additional storage
			
 
				 allocated is proportional only to the length of the list, not the size
			
 
				-of its contents. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_distribution</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fdistribution-429"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs the operation described in <a href="Distribute.html#Distribute">Distribute</a>. The
			
 
				+of its contents.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fdistribution"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_distribution</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs the operation described in <a href="Distribute.html#Distribute">Distribute</a>. The
			
 
				 invalid distribution message is returned in the event of a <code>NULL</code>
			
 
				 operand. Otherwise, the returned value is the distributed list. In any event,
			
 
				-the <var>operand</var> is unaffected. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_concatenation</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fconcatenation-430"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p><a name="index-concatenation-431"></a>The <var>operand</var> is treated as a pair of lists to be concatenated, with the
			
 
				+the <code><var>operand</var></code> is unaffected.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fconcatenation"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_concatenation</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><a name="index-concatenation-2"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The <code><var>operand</var></code> is treated as a pair of lists to be concatenated, with the
			
 
				 left one in the <code>head</code> field and the right one in the <code>tail</code>
			
 
				 field. The invalid concatenation message is returned in the event of a
			
 
				-<code>NULL</code> <var>operand</var>. The result returned otherwise is the concatenation
			
 
				-of the lists, but the given <var>operand</var> still exists unchanged. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_transposition</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005ftransposition-432"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>The operation performed by this function corresponds to that of
			
 
				+<code>NULL</code> <code><var>operand</var></code>. The result returned otherwise is the concatenation
			
 
				+of the lists, but the given <code><var>operand</var></code> still exists unchanged.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005ftransposition"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_transposition</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>The operation performed by this function corresponds to that of
			
 
				 <a href="Transpose.html#Transpose">Transpose</a>. Unlike other functions in this section, the operand
			
 
				 passed to this function is deallocated, and must not be referenced
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007btranspose_007d-433"></a>thereafter. The transposed list is accessible as the returned value of
			
 
				-this function. If the original <var>operand</var> is still needed
			
 
				+<a name="index-transpose-2"></a>
			
 
				+thereafter. The transposed list is accessible as the returned value of
			
 
				+this function. If the original <code><var>operand</var></code> is still needed
			
 
				 after a call to <code>avm_transposition</code>, only a copy of it should be
			
 
				 passed to it, obtained from <code>avm_copied</code>. The invalid transpose
			
 
				 error message is the result if the operand does not represent a list of equal
			
 
				-length lists. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_membership</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fmembership-434"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function computes the membership predicate described in
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmember_007d-435"></a><a href="Member.html#Member">Member</a>. The operand is a list in which the <code>tail</code> field is
			
 
				+length lists.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fmembership"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_membership</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function computes the membership predicate described in
			
 
				+<a name="index-member-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a href="Member.html#Member">Member</a>. The operand is a list in which the <code>tail</code> field is
			
 
				 a list that will be searched for the item in the <code>head</code>. If the
			
 
				 item is not found, a <code>NULL</code> list is returned, but otherwise a list
			
 
				 with <code>NULL</code> <code>head</code> and <code>tail</code> fields is returned. If the
			
 
				 operand is <code>NULL</code>, an error message of invalid membership is
			
 
				-returned and <code>*</code><var>fault</var> is set to a non-zero value.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-        <p>The <code>avm_membership</code> function calls <code>avm_binary_comparison</code>
			
 
				+returned and <code>*<var>fault</var></code> is set to a non-zero value.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>avm_membership</code> function calls <code>avm_binary_comparison</code>
			
 
				 in order to compare lists, so the same efficiency and side-effect
			
 
				 considerations are relevant to both (<a href="Comparison.html#Comparison">Comparison</a>). It is not
			
 
				 necessary to <code>#include</code> the header file <code>compare.h</code> or to
			
 
				 call <code>avm_initialize_compare</code> in order to use
			
 
				-<code>avm_membership</code>, because they will be done automatically. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_binary_membership</b> (<var>list operand, list members, int *fault</var>)<var>;<a name="index-avm_005fbinary_005fmembership-436"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is the same as <code>avm_membership</code> except that it
			
 
				+<code>avm_membership</code>, because they will be done automatically.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fbinary_005fmembership"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_binary_membership</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, list <var>members</var>, int *<var>fault</var>);</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is the same as <code>avm_membership</code> except that it
			
 
				 allows the element and the set of members to be passed as separate
			
 
				-lists instead of being the head and the tail of the same list. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: list <b>avm_measurement</b> (<var>list operand, int *fault</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fmeasurement-437"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function implements the operation described in <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a>, which
			
 
				+lists instead of being the head and the tail of the same list.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fmeasurement"></a><u>Function:</u> list <b>avm_measurement</b><i> (list <var>operand</var>, int *<var>fault</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function implements the operation described in <a href="Weight.html#Weight">Weight</a>, which
			
 
				 pertains to the weight of a tree. The returned value of this function is
			
 
				 a list encoding the weight as a binary number, unless a counter overflow
			
 
				-occurs, in which case it's an error message. As noted previously, the
			
 
				+occurs, in which case it&rsquo;s an error message. As noted previously, the
			
 
				 weight of a tree can easily be exponentially larger than the amount of
			
 
				-<a name="index-native-integer-arithmetic-438"></a>memory it occupies, but this function uses native integer arithmetic for
			
 
				+<a name="index-native-integer-arithmetic-1"></a>
			
 
				+memory it occupies, but this function uses native integer arithmetic for
			
 
				 performance reasons. Hence, a counter overflow is a real
			
 
				-possibility. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+possibility.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
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				-<h4 class="subsection">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</h4>
			
 
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				+<a name="Lists-of-Pairs-of-Ports-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">3.8.1 Lists of Pairs of Ports</h3>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bport_007d-628"></a>A <code>port</code> is the name given to a type of pointer used in the library
			
 
				+<a name="index-port"></a>
			
 
				+<p>A <code>port</code> is the name given to a type of pointer used in the library
			
 
				 as the address of a place where a computational result yet to be
			
 
				 evaluated will be sent. Ports are discussed further in <a href="Ports-and-Packets.html#Ports-and-Packets">Ports and Packets</a>,
			
 
				 but are mentioned here because it is sometimes necessary to employ a
			
 
				 list of pairs of them. A pointer to such a list is declared as a
			
 
				 <code>portal</code> type. It refers to a structure of the form
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bportal_007d-629"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bport_005fpair_007d-630"></a>
			
 
				-<pre class="example">     struct port_pair
			
 
				-     {
			
 
				-       port left;
			
 
				-       port right;
			
 
				-       portal alters;
			
 
				-     }
			
 
				-</pre>
			
 
				-   <p>A small selection of functions for <code>portal</code> memory management is
			
 
				-declared as follows in the header file <samp><span class="file">portals.h</span></samp>. For reasons of
			
 
				-C-ness, the type declarations themselves are forced to be in
			
 
				-<samp><span class="file">lists.h</span></samp>.
			
 
				+<a name="index-portal"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-port_005fpair"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">struct port_pair
			
 
				+{
			
 
				+  port left;
			
 
				+  port right;
			
 
				+  portal alters;
			
 
				+}
			
 
				+</pre></td></tr></table>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: portal <b>avm_new_portal</b> (<var>portal alters</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fnew_005fportal-631"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function is used to create storage for a new <code>port_pair</code>
			
 
				+<p>A small selection of functions for <code>portal</code> memory management is
			
 
				+declared as follows in the header file &lsquo;<tt>portals.h</tt>&rsquo;. For reasons of
			
 
				+C-ness, the type declarations themselves are forced to be in
			
 
				+&lsquo;<tt>lists.h</tt>&rsquo;.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fnew_005fportal"></a><u>Function:</u> portal <b>avm_new_portal</b><i> (portal <var>alters</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function is used to create storage for a new <code>port_pair</code>
			
 
				 structure, and returns a <code>portal</code> pointer to it if successful. If
			
 
				-the storage can't be allocated, a <code>NULL</code> pointer is returned. 
			
 
				+the storage can&rsquo;t be allocated, a <code>NULL</code> pointer is returned.
			
 
				 The <code>alters</code> field of the result is initialized as the given
			
 
				-parameter supplied by the caller. All other fields are filled with zeros. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_seal</b> (<var>portal fate</var>)<var><a name="index-avm_005fseal-632"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function performs the reclamation of storage associated with
			
 
				+parameter supplied by the caller. All other fields are filled with zeros.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fseal"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_seal</b><i> (portal <var>fate</var>)</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function performs the reclamation of storage associated with
			
 
				 <code>portal</code> pointers, either by freeing them or by consigning them
			
 
				 temporarily to a local cache for performance reasons. Client programs
			
 
				 should use only this function for disposing of <code>portal</code> storage
			
 
				 rather than using <code>free</code> directly, so as to allow accurate record
			
 
				-keeping. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_initialize_portals</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fportals-633"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called by a client program prior to calling
			
 
				+keeping.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005finitialize_005fportals"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_initialize_portals</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called by a client program prior to calling
			
 
				 either of the above memory management functions in order to initialize
			
 
				-some local variables. Anomalous results are possible otherwise. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				-
			
 
				-<div class="defun">
			
 
				-&mdash; Function: void <b>avm_count_portals</b> ()<var><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fportals-634"></a></var><br>
			
 
				-<blockquote><p>This function should be called at the end of a run or after the last
			
 
				+some local variables. Anomalous results are possible otherwise.
			
 
				+</p></dd></dl>
			
 
				+<dl>
			
 
				+<dt><a name="index-avm_005fcount_005fportals"></a><u>Function:</u> void <b>avm_count_portals</b><i> ()</i></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>This function should be called at the end of a run or after the last
			
 
				 call to any of the other functions in this section as a way of detecting
			
 
				 memory leaks associated with <code>portal</code> pointers. A warning message
			
 
				-will be written to standard error if any remains unreclaimed. 
			
 
				-</p></blockquote></div>
			
 
				+will be written to standard error if any remains unreclaimed.
			
 
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				-<h3 class="section">3.1 Lists</h3>
			
 
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				+<a name="Lists-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h2 class="section">3.1 Lists</h2>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>The basic data structure used for representing virtual code and data in
			
 
				-the <code>avram</code> library is declared as a <code>list</code>. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-lists-396"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bhead_007d-field-397"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007btail_007d-field-398"></a>The <code>list</code> type is a pointer to a structure having a <code>head</code>
			
 
				+the <code>avram</code> library is declared as a <code>list</code>.
			
 
				+<a name="index-lists-7"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-head-field"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-tail-field"></a>
			
 
				+The <code>list</code> type is a pointer to a structure having a <code>head</code>
			
 
				 field and a <code>tail</code> field, which are also lists. The empty tree,
			
 
				 <code>nil</code>, is represented by the C constant <code>NULL</code>. A tree of the
			
 
				-form <code>cons(</code><var>a</var><code>,</code><var>b</var><code>)</code> is represented in C as a list whose
			
 
				-<code>head</code> is the representation of <var>a</var> and whose
			
 
				-<code>tail</code> is the representation of <var>b</var>.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>A number of other fields in the structure are maintained automatically
			
 
				+form <code>cons(<var>a</var>,<var>b</var>)</code> is represented in C as a list whose
			
 
				+<code>head</code> is the representation of <code><var>a</var></code> and whose
			
 
				+<code>tail</code> is the representation of <code><var>b</var></code>.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>A number of other fields in the structure are maintained automatically
			
 
				 and should not be touched. For that matter, even the <code>head</code> and
			
 
				 <code>tail</code> fields should be considered read-only. Because of sharing,
			
 
				 it is almost never valid to modify a list &ldquo;in place&rdquo;, except for cases
			
 
				 that are already covered by library functions.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
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				-<p>Unless <samp><span class="option">--line-map</span></samp> or <samp><span class="option">--byte-transducer</span></samp> is used as a
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bline_002dmap_007d-command-line-option-175"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bbyte_002dtransducer_007d-command-line-option-176"></a><a name="index-standard-input-177"></a>command line option when the application is invoked, the contents of
			
 
				+<a name="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once"></a>
			
 
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				+<a name="Loading-All-of-Standard-Input-at-Once-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h3 class="subsection">2.5.1 Loading All of Standard Input at Once</h3>
			
 
				+
			
 
				+<p>Unless &lsquo;<samp>--line-map</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>--byte-transducer</samp>&rsquo; is used as a
			
 
				+<a name="index-line_002dmap-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-byte_002dtransducer-command-line-option-1"></a>
			
 
				+<a name="index-standard-input-5"></a>
			
 
				+command line option when the application is invoked, the contents of
			
 
				 standard input are loaded entirely into memory by <code>avram</code> before
			
 
				 evaluation of the virtual code begins.  This interface is obviously not
			
 
				-<a name="index-infinite-streams-178"></a>appropriate for infinite streams.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-   <p>The virtual code application in this mode of operation is treated as a
			
 
				+<a name="index-infinite-streams"></a>
			
 
				+appropriate for infinite streams.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<p>The virtual code application in this mode of operation is treated as a
			
 
				 single function taking the entire contents of standard input as its argument,
			
 
				-and returning the entire contents of standard output as its result. 
			
 
				+and returning the entire contents of standard output as its result.
			
 
				 Hence, this interface is one of the simplest available.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Standard-Input-Representation.html#Standard-Input-Representation">2.5.1.1 Standard Input Representation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">  
			
 
				+</td></tr>
			
 
				+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="Standard-Output-Representation.html#Standard-Output-Representation">2.5.1.2 Standard Output Representation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">  
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.1 Map</h5>
			
 
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				+<a name="Map-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.1 Map</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				 <p>A virtual code application in the following form causes a function with
			
 
				-non-<code>nil</code> virtual code <var>f</var> to be applied to every item
			
 
				+non-<code>nil</code> virtual code <code><var>f</var></code> to be applied to every item
			
 
				 in a list.
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T22</em><dd>[[<code>map</code>]] <var>f</var> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,</code><var>f</var><code>),nil))</code>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T22</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>map</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,<var>f</var>),nil))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent"><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmap_007d-319"></a>The <code>map</code> mnemonic is used in <code>silly</code> to express applications
			
 
				-in this form as <code>map </code><var>f</var>.  This operation is also well known to
			
 
				+<a name="index-map"></a>
			
 
				+<p>The <code>map</code> mnemonic is used in <code>silly</code> to express applications
			
 
				+in this form as <code>map <var>f</var></code>.  This operation is also well known to
			
 
				 lisp users and functional programmers.  The semantics is determined by
			
 
				-these two operator properties (for non-<code>nil</code> <var>f</var>).
			
 
				-
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P24</em><dd>([[<code>map</code>]] <var>f</var>) <code>nil</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				-<br><dt><em>P25</em><dd>([[<code>map</code>]] <var>f</var>) <code>(</code><var>x</var><code>,</code><var>y</var><code>)</code> = <code>(</code><var>f</var> <var>x</var><code>,(</code>[[<code>map</code>]] <var>f</var><code>) </code><var>y</var><code>)</code>
			
 
				+these two operator properties (for non-<code>nil</code> <code><var>f</var></code>).
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P24</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>map</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code>) <code>nil</code> = <code>nil</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P25</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>map</code>]] <code><var>f</var></code>) <code>(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)</code> = <code>(<var>f</var> <var>x</var>,(</code>[[<code>map</code>]] <code><var>f</var>) <var>y</var>)</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				 </dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">Note that the representation of lists described in
			
 
				+<p>Note that the representation of lists described in 
			
 
				 <a href="Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data.html#Representation-of-Numeric-and-Textual-Data">Representation of Numeric and Textual Data</a>, is assumed.
			
 
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				-<h5 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.6 Mapcur</h5>
			
 
				+<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p>An alternative form of recursive definition is the following. 
			
 
				-<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmapcur_007d-339"></a>
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>T27</em><dd>[[<code>mapcur</code>]] <var>p</var> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(</code><var>p</var><code>,nil)))</code>
			
 
				-</dl>
			
 
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				+<a name="Mapcur-1"></a>
			
 
				+<h4 class="subsubsection">2.7.13.6 Mapcur</h4>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-<p class="noindent">This form is convenient for applications that cause themselves to be
			
 
				-<a name="index-recursion-340"></a>applied recursively to a list of arguments. It has this semantics.
			
 
				+<p>An alternative form of recursive definition is the following.
			
 
				+<a name="index-mapcur"></a>
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>T27</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>[[<code>mapcur</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code> = <code>((nil,nil),((nil,nil),(<var>p</var>,nil)))</code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
				+</dl>
			
 
				 
			
 
				-     <dl>
			
 
				-<dt><em>P34</em><dd>([[<code>mapcur</code>]] <var>p</var>) <var>x</var> =
			
 
				-[[<code>map meta</code>]] [[<code>distribute</code>]] ([[<code>field</code>]] <var>p</var>) <var>x</var>
			
 
				+<p>This form is convenient for applications that cause themselves to be
			
 
				+<a name="index-recursion-3"></a>
			
 
				+applied recursively to a list of arguments. It has this semantics.
			
 
				+</p>
			
 
				+<dl compact="compact">
			
 
				+<dt> <em>P34</em></dt>
			
 
				+<dd><p>([[<code>mapcur</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code><var>x</var></code> =
			
 
				+[[<code>map meta</code>]] [[<code>distribute</code>]] ([[<code>field</code>]] <code><var>p</var></code>) <code><var>x</var></code>
			
 
				+</p></dd>
			
 
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